Lecture 54 - Intro to Nutrition Flashcards
what are the 6 nutrient classifications
- protein
- fat
- carbohydrates
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
what are the essential amino acids
arginine
isoleucine
histidine
leucine
methionine
lysine
phenyalanine
tryptophan
threonine
valine
T/F: taurine is an essential amino acid in cats and ferrets
TRUE
protein is increased in
- neoplasia
- critical care/recovery
- intentional weight loss
- diabetes
protein is decreased in
- renal disease
- hepatic dysfunction
the form/source of protein is altered in
- enteropathies
- atopic dermatitis
describe simple fat
source of energy that undergoes beta-oxidation
fatty acids, triglycerides
describe complex fat
cell structure, lipid, vitamin transport/metabolism
lecithin, sphingolipids
describe derived fat
pro-/anti-inflammatory, cell structure, hormones, etc.
cholesterol, prostaglandins
what are the essential fatty acids
- a-linolenic acid
- linoleic acid
what fatty acid is essential for cats
arachidonic acid
fat is increased in
- neoplasia
- critical care/recovery
fat is decreased in
- pancreatic disease
- lymphangiectasia
- GERD
- hyperlipidemia
what are simple carbohydrates
mono-, di-, oligo-saccharides
glucose
lactose
FOS
what are complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides (starches and fibers)
T/F: carbohydrates as an ingredient are plant-derived
TRUE
carbohydrates are decreased in
- pancreatic disease
- diabetes
- neoplasia
- critical care/recovery
- respiratory disease
the form/source of carbohydrates are altered in
- diabetes
- intentional weight loss
what are the 3 calorie providing nutrients
- protein
- fat
- carbs
what is a calorie
the energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
define fiber
complex carbohydrate resistant to enzymatic digestion
soluble vs. insoluble
fermentable vs. poorly fermentable
T/F: fermentation of fibers by microbes occur in the small intestines
FALSE
rapid digestion of fiber produces
SCFA and gas
T/F: fiber provides energy for cats and dogs
FALSE
fiber is increased in
- intentional weight loss
- hyperlipidemia
fiber is decreased in
enteropathies
form/source of fiber is altered in
enteropathies
what are water-soluble vitamins
- C
- Bs
- L-carnitine
Vitamin C
collagen, iron absorption, L-carnitine, antioxidant
Vitamin Bs
metabolism of all nutrients
L-carnitine
fatty acid oxidation
T/F: water-soluble vitamins are quickest to become deficient in times of anorexia
TRUE
T/F: water-soluble vitamins are decreased in virtually every disease
FALSE - none
what are fat-soluble vitamins
- A
- E
- D
- K
Vitamin A
vision, reproduction, epithelial function, immunity
Vitamin E
antioxidant, reproduction
Vitamin D
mineral homeostasis, skeletal function, immunity, insulin synthesis
Vitamin K
coagulation, skeletal function
fat-soluble vitamins are decreased in
toxicities/overdose
fat-soluble vitamins are increased in
- enteropathies
- PLEs
- renal disease
- hepatic disease
macrominerals
Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg
microminerals
Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Se, I, B, Cr
minerals are increased in
- critical care/recovery
- diabetes
- renal disease
- hepatic disease
minerals are decreased in
- renal disease
- hepatic disease
- cardiac disease
what are the functions of dietary water
- transport
- hydrolysis reactions
- regulates body temp
- shape, resilience, elasticity
what is the most important nutrient
water
water is increased in
- critical care/recovery
- renal disease
- diabetes
the nutrient assessment helps to
identify concerns/diseases/issues that may require a change in diet, helps ensure optimization of health, and provides all necessary information
what are the 3 components of the nutritional assessment
- pet/patient
- diet/food
- amount/frequency of feeding
what is the limitation of weight trends
does not distinguish between tissue types
BCS is ____ % ONLY
fat
what animals are scored 1 - 9
canine, equine, feline, beef
what animals are scored 1 - 5
small ruminant, dairy
