Lecture 39 - Exotics & Small Mammal ALT Flashcards

1
Q

what is the choana

A

normal cleft in the palate of avians

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2
Q

What does hypovitaminosis A cause?

A

squamous cell metaplasia and blunted/absent choanal pailla

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3
Q

T/F: The muscles of the psittacine tongue are intrinsic

A

TRUE

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4
Q

T/F: The salivary glands of avians have digestive function

A

FALSE

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5
Q

match the fang type to the species

a. iguana
b. bearded dragon
c. crocodile

  1. thecodont
  2. pleurodont
  3. acrodont
A

a = 2
b = 3
c = 1

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6
Q

what species have venom glands

A

snakes and lizards

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7
Q

what 4 components allow snakes to swallow prey whole

A
  1. elastic ligament
  2. Curved teeth
  3. fenestrate
  4. Quadrate bone
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8
Q

the elastic ligament of snakes allows

A

the two sides of the mandible to move independently of one another

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9
Q

the quadrate bone of snakes allows

A

“double hinge” allowing for vertical and horizontal pivoting

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10
Q

what is the crop also known as? what does this mean?

A

ingluvies; pocketing in the esophagus for storage of food before it goes to the stomach

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11
Q

describe the esophagus of reptiles

A

very distentible
Digestion begins here

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12
Q

describe the stomach of the reptile

A

cardiac, fundic, pyloric regions
pH drops drasticallly in snakes during feeding

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13
Q

_____ depends on gastric activity and digestion for reptiles. they are referred to as _____

A

thermoregulation; poikilothermic

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14
Q

the proventriculus conducts ____ digestion and the ventriculus conducts ____ digestion

A

chemical; mechanical

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15
Q

T/F: retroperistalsis is common in avian spp.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What are the 3 common reasons for retroperistalsis

A
  1. regurgitation to mate/offspring
  2. water reabsorption
  3. pellet egestion
17
Q

what is the cloaca

A

common opening for the reproductive, urinary, and GI tracts

18
Q

what are the 3 sections of the cloaca

A
  1. coprodeum (large intestine(
  2. urodeum (ureters + genitals)
  3. proctodeum (reservoir)
19
Q

T/F: the ceca is important for water resorption

A

FALSE - cloaca

20
Q

describe the rabbit digestive tract

A
  • hindgut fermenting
  • herbivore
  • acidic gastric pH
  • cannot V+
  • elodont
21
Q

what two sections of rabbit gut are associated with lymphoid tissue and where are they found

A
  1. sacculus rotundus - ileocecocolic junction
  2. Vermiform appendix - distal cecum
22
Q

what acts as the pacemaker of rabbit peristalsis

A

fuscus coli

23
Q

what are the 2 distinct fecal type of rabbits

A
  1. hard pellets = excreted
  2. cecotrophs = re-ingested
24
Q

describe cecotrophs

A

source of vitamin B, bacteria, etc.
passed am/pm
covered in mucous

25
lower hay diets ___ bacterial diversity
decrease
26
What two rodent digestive types are there
1. hystricomorph 2. myomorph
27
hystricomorph
- hindgut fermenter - large cecum - herbivore - elodont
28
myomorph
- monogastric - aglandular forestomach - omnivore - elodont incisors
29
what enzymes do guinea pigs lack that can lead to vitamin C deficiency/scurvy?
L-gulonolactone oxidase
30
T/F: hystricomorphic rodents are also cecotrophic
FALSE - coprophagic
31
what animals are hystricomorphic
guinea pigs and chinchillas
32
what is the function of the colonic groove
retrograde transfer of bacteria and expand the colon
33
what causes dysbiosis
1. altercations in GI pH 2. large amounts of highly digestible food 3. abx
34
what abx are toxic orally to hindgut fermenting species
1. P = penicillin 2. L = linomycin 3. A = amp/amox - icillin 4. C= cephalosporins 5. E = erythromycin
35
T/F: Rats do not have gallbladders and cannot V+
TRUE
36
Describe the digestive system of ferrets
- carnivores (no cecum) - 3-4 hours GI transit time - V+