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2 - Form & Function > Lecture 17 - Heart Failure > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Failure of the cardiovascular system is defined as

A

failure to supply adequate amounts of blood to meet cellular metabolic demands

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2
Q

what is circulatory failure often caused by

A

decreased cardiac output due to dysfunction or disease

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3
Q

decreased stroke volume

A

myocardial failure
low output
systolic pumping failure

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4
Q

increased stroke volume

A

high output
perfusion demands are not met (PDA, sepsis, anemia)

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5
Q

what is heart failure

A

inability of the heart to function within normal diastolic pressures (eject or fill)

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6
Q

T/F: fluid retention is classified as congestive heart failure

A

TRUE

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7
Q

diastolic dysfunction

A
  • decreased ventricular filling, normal contraction
  • impaired relaxation
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8
Q

systolic dysfunction

A
  • ventricular filling normal, dysfunction during contractions
  • failure of pumping
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9
Q

“forward” failure

A
  • poor peripheral perfusion
  • depressed contractility
  • elevated venous pressures (passive congestion of organs)
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10
Q

“backward” failure

A
  • increased pulmonary pressure leading to congestion
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11
Q

what are the general clinical signs of heart failure

A
  • exercise intolerance
  • syncope (or collapse)
  • pale/gray membrane color and prolonged perfusion
  • decreased atrial pulse
  • arrhythmias
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12
Q

clinical signs of right-sided heart failure

A
  • dependent edema
  • fluid wave in abdomen
  • GI distress
  • impaired liver function
  • jugular v distension
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13
Q

clinical signs of left-sided heart failure

A
  • exercise intolerance
  • cyanosis/hypoxia
  • cough w frothy sputum
  • dyspnea/tachypnea/orthopnea
  • decreased lung sounds
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14
Q

pulmonary edema occurs due to the disruption of ____ ____ that cause hydrostatic pressure to be ______ than lymphatic pressure

A

starling forces; greater

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15
Q

ascites is due to the ____ of hydrostatic pressure causing capillaries to be ____ and ____ the formation of hepatic lymph

A

increase; “leaky”; increase

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16
Q

what are the 5 common causes of heart failure

A
  1. increased afterload (stenotic valves)
  2. increased preload (valve insufficiency)
  3. myocardial disease (DCM, HCM)
  4. Constrictive disease (pericardial effusion, pericarditis)
  5. arrhythmia
17
Q

myxomatous mitral valve disease

A
  • thickened and irregular mitral valve (“leaky”)
  • regurgitation creates a murmur
  • volume overload leads to left-sided heart failure
18
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

A
  • reduced pumping of the left ventricle
  • dilation of ventricle thins walls
  • connected to breeds (Doberman), grain-free diets, etc.
19
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

A
  • left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (thickened walls leading to decreased chamber size)
  • outflow tract obstruction creates a murmur
20
Q

T/F: HCM is the most common heart disease in cats

A

TRUE

21
Q

define cardiac remodeling

A

results in changes of cardiac size, shape, and/or function

22
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of eccentric hypertrophy

A
  1. volume overload
  2. increased diastolic pressure
  3. sarcomere addition in series
23
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of concentric hypertrophy

A
  1. pressure overload
  2. increased systolic pressure
  3. sarcomere addition in parallel
24
Q

what are the 3 things the SNS and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do

A
  1. increased HR
  2. vasoconstriction
  3. sodium and water retention
25
Q

what is activated in response to decreased output and BP

A

sympathetic nervous system and RAAS

26
Q

what happens in response to increased myocardial wall stress

A

cardiac remodeling

27
Q

what are the 3 major adaptive compensatory mechanisms

A
  1. frank-starling mechanism
  2. neurohormonal activation
  3. myocardial remodeling and hypertrophy
28
Q

how does the frank-starling mechanism compensate

A

increase preload to increase stress, contractility and CO

29
Q

what does chronic activation of RAAS cause

A

progression of cardiac and kidney disease

30
Q

T/F: chronic RAAS and SNS activation increases myocardial oxygen demand

A

TRUE

31
Q

what causes fibrosis

A

chronic RAAS activation

32
Q

what senses blood pressure differences

A

arterial baroreceptors

2 - Form & Function (21 decks)

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