Lecture 51 - Avian Anatomy Pt. 1 Flashcards
psittacines are
parrots
galliformes are
chickens, turkeys, quails
general characteristics of psittacines
- longevity (10-60+ years based on size)
- sources (imported then hatched in U.S.)
- prey species
New world parrots are from
central/south America and the Caribbean
Old world parrots are from
europe, asia, africa
what are small to medium-sized psittacines
- budgerigar (parakeet)
- cockatiel
- lovebirds
- conures
what are large-sized psittacines
- amazon parrots
- african grey parrots
- cockatoos
- macaws
how are birds adapted for flight
- light, compact body with pneumatic bones
- high metabolic rate and temp.
- centralized weight
- feathers and modified forelimbs
- ultra-efficient respiratory system
describe the pneumatic bones and their clinical significance
bones connected to the air sac system that can be used for IO catheters/orthopedic surgery
humerus, skull, sternum, vertebrae, scapulae +/- femur
what are the fused bones
- synsacrum
- pygostyle
- tarsometatarsus
- +/- notarium
what is the patagium
the wing web
kinetic beak
- craniofacial hinge joint
- careful when opening mouth
what is the first digit of the avian foot
medial rear facing toe
match the toe confirmation to term
a. 3 forward, 1 back
b. 2 forward, 2 back
c. 2 forward, 1 back + webbing
- palmate
- zygodactyl
- anisodactyl
a = 3
b = 2
c = 1
T/F: pelvic limb injuries more significant in bipedal animals
TRUE
T/F: birds have many skin glands
FALSE - only uropygial gland
what is the term for the upper bill/maxilla
rostrum maxillare
what is the term for the lower bill/mandible
rostrum mandibulare
what is the term for upper beak keratin
rhinotheca
what is the term for lower beak keratin
gnathotheca
what is the term for the combined keratin layer
rhamphotheca
what are two congenital beak disorders
- mandibular prognathism
- scissor beak
what is an infectious beak disorder
knemidocoptes pilae
what is a metabolic beak disorder
hepatic disease
feathers are arranged in lines called
pterylae
absence of feathers is
apteria
new growing feathers are known as
“blood feather”
a broken blood feather can indicate what
- significant hemorrhage
- arterial bleeding
describe the 3 components of mature feathers
- calamus = quill, contains axillary a./v. during early development but hollows
- rachis = main shaft of feather
- vanes = portion extending laterally from rachis
what are the 4 purposes of feathers
- camouflage
- waterproofing
- mating rituals
- flight
molting
replacement and shedding of old feathers occurring 1-2 times/year
the proventriculus handles ____ digestion while the ventriculus handles ____ digestion
chemical; mechanical
T/F: retroperistalsis is not common in birds
FALSE
crop
dilation of the esophagus in the neck
cloaca
common opening of digestive, urinary, and genital tracts with three divisions (copradeum, urodeum, proctodeum)
T/F: NEVER use purse string sutures in birds
TRUE
what are the 4 common causes of cloacal prolapse
- egg laying/repro tract disease
- idiopathic
- constipation
- spinal trauma
T/F: birds are living dinosaurs
TRUE
