Lecture 51 - Avian Anatomy Pt. 1

Question 1

psittacines are

Answer 1

parrots

Question 2

galliformes are

Answer 2

chickens, turkeys, quails

Question 3

general characteristics of psittacines

Answer 3

1. longevity (10-60+ years based on size)
2. sources (imported then hatched in U.S.)
3. prey species

Question 4

New world parrots are from

Answer 4

central/south America and the Caribbean

Question 5

Old world parrots are from

Answer 5

europe, asia, africa

Question 6

what are small to medium-sized psittacines

Answer 6

1. budgerigar (parakeet)
2. cockatiel
3. lovebirds
4. conures

Question 7

what are large-sized psittacines

Answer 7

1. amazon parrots
2. african grey parrots
3. cockatoos
4. macaws

Question 8

how are birds adapted for flight

Answer 8

• light, compact body with pneumatic bones
• high metabolic rate and temp.
• centralized weight
• feathers and modified forelimbs
• ultra-efficient respiratory system

Question 9

describe the pneumatic bones and their clinical significance

Answer 9

bones connected to the air sac system that can be used for IO catheters/orthopedic surgery

humerus, skull, sternum, vertebrae, scapulae +/- femur

Question 10

what are the fused bones

Answer 10

1. synsacrum
2. pygostyle
3. tarsometatarsus
4. +/- notarium

Question 11

what is the patagium

Answer 11

the wing web

Question 12

kinetic beak

Answer 12

• craniofacial hinge joint
• careful when opening mouth

Question 13

what is the first digit of the avian foot

Answer 13

medial rear facing toe

Question 14

match the toe confirmation to term

a. 3 forward, 1 back
b. 2 forward, 2 back
c. 2 forward, 1 back + webbing

1. palmate
2. zygodactyl
3. anisodactyl

Answer 14

a = 3
b = 2
c = 1

Question 15

T/F: pelvic limb injuries more significant in bipedal animals

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

T/F: birds have many skin glands

Answer 16

FALSE - only uropygial gland

Question 17

what is the term for the upper bill/maxilla

Answer 17

rostrum maxillare

Question 18

what is the term for the lower bill/mandible

Answer 18

rostrum mandibulare

Question 19

what is the term for upper beak keratin

Answer 19

rhinotheca

Question 20

what is the term for lower beak keratin

Answer 20

gnathotheca

Question 21

what is the term for the combined keratin layer

Answer 21

rhamphotheca

Question 22

what are two congenital beak disorders

Answer 22

1. mandibular prognathism
2. scissor beak

Question 23

what is an infectious beak disorder

Answer 23

knemidocoptes pilae

Question 24

what is a metabolic beak disorder

Answer 24

hepatic disease

Question 25

feathers are arranged in lines called

Answer 25

pterylae

Question 26

absence of feathers is

Answer 26

apteria

Question 27

new growing feathers are known as

Answer 27

"blood feather"

Question 28

a broken blood feather can indicate what

Answer 28

- significant hemorrhage - arterial bleeding

Question 29

describe the 3 components of mature feathers

Answer 29

1. calamus = quill, contains axillary a./v. during early development but hollows 2. rachis = main shaft of feather 3. vanes = portion extending laterally from rachis

Question 30

what are the 4 purposes of feathers

Answer 30

1. camouflage 2. waterproofing 3. mating rituals 4. flight

Question 31

molting

Answer 31

replacement and shedding of old feathers occurring 1-2 times/year

Question 32

the proventriculus handles ____ digestion while the ventriculus handles ____ digestion

Answer 32

chemical; mechanical

Question 33

T/F: retroperistalsis is not common in birds

Answer 33

FALSE

Question 34

crop

Answer 34

dilation of the esophagus in the neck

Question 35

cloaca

Answer 35

common opening of digestive, urinary, and genital tracts with three divisions (copradeum, urodeum, proctodeum)

Question 36

T/F: NEVER use purse string sutures in birds

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

what are the 4 common causes of cloacal prolapse

Answer 37

1. egg laying/repro tract disease 2. idiopathic 3. constipation 4. spinal trauma

Question 38

T/F: birds are living dinosaurs

Answer 38

TRUE