Lec 7-4 - More Solutes

Question 1

two major ions

Answer 1

sodium, chloride

Question 2

two less major ions

Answer 2

potassium, calcium

Question 3

membrane potential of a cell at rest is usually closes to the equilibrium potential of this solute

Answer 3

potassium (due to lots of channels present)

Question 4

deviations of potassium concentration out of normal range often leads to blank problems

Answer 4

heart

Question 5

the reason we dont die from potassium intake

Answer 5

potassium sequestration

Question 6

acid base imbalance can mess with potassium sequestration because acid does this

Answer 6

inhibits sodium potassium pump

Question 7

osmolality can mess with potassium sequestration because blank happens

Answer 7

cell shrinkage so intracellular potassium rises which increases potassium exit from the cell

Question 8

cell lysis and exercise can also lead to blank

Answer 8

problems with potassium sequestration

Question 9

when potassium is in short supply, the distal segments switch from potassium blank to potassium blank

Answer 9

secreting, reabsorbing

Question 10

most potassium is reabsorbed in the blank via the blank pathway

Answer 10

proximal tubule, paracellular

Question 11

first half of proximal tubule has potassium reabsorbed by blank

Answer 11

solvent drage

Question 12

second half of proximal tubule has potassium reabsorbed by blank

Answer 12

electrical driving force

Question 13

thick ascending limb has potassium reabsorbed by blank

Answer 13

paracellular, transcellular

Question 14

aldosterone stimulates blank secretion by increasing number of sodium potassium channels and enac

Answer 14

potassium

Question 15

these ions are handled and regulated in parallel because they are required together for building or breaking down bone

Answer 15

calcium, phosphate

Question 16

hypercalcemia causes blank of ap threshold

Answer 16

raising (so makes it harder to have one)

Question 17

calcitriol does this

Answer 17

increases intestinal absorption of calcium and mobilizes calcium from bone

Question 18

parathyroid hormone does this

Answer 18

stimulates calcitriol production by the proximal tubule

Question 19

calcitriol is made here

Answer 19

proximal tubule

Question 20

calcitriol is made most when blank is low

Answer 20

calcium/phosphate

Question 21

clearance means that blank

Answer 21

something ends up in the urine

Question 22

clearance of calcium is blank

Answer 22

low

Question 23

calcium reabsorption occurs just like blank

Answer 23

potassium reabsorption

Question 24

this binds to calcium and prevents it from contributing to a rise in free calcium

Answer 24

calbindin

Question 25

calcitriol blank the expression of calbindin

Answer 25

increases (increases reabsorption)

Question 26

parathyroid hormone increases activity of blank channels

Answer 26

calcium (increases reabsorption)

Question 27

body gets rid of acid by binding it to blank and then getting rid of it and peeing it out

Answer 27

phosphate