Lec 4/5 - 4 Renal Water Balance

Question 1

normal excrete solute is blank mOsmol/day

Answer 1

600

Question 2

osmolality is pretty much equal to osmolarity but the units are blank not blank

Answer 2

mOsmol/kg, mOsmol/L

Question 3

urine osmolarity equation

Answer 3

Uosm = Osmol excreted per day / V

V= urine flow

Question 4

urine osmolarity can be as low as blank

Answer 4

30 mOsm

Question 5

urine osmolarity can be as high as blank

Answer 5

1200 mOsm

Question 6

starting point for urine production by the kidney

Answer 6

filtered blood plasma

Question 7

osmolality of blood plasma is maintained at blank

Answer 7

300 mOsm

Question 8

kidneys can dilute the urine blank fold but can concentrate the urine only blank fold

Answer 8

10, 4

Question 9

urine flow formula

Answer 9

V = Cosm + Ch2o

Question 10

Cosm is the osmolar clearance and is the hypothetical blank necessary to dissolve all the excreted solutes at a concentration that is isosmotic with blood plasma

Answer 10

volume/day

Question 11

tubule that reabsorbs 2/3 of the filtered fluid isosmotically

Answer 11

proximal

Question 12

the blank limb of the loop of henle reabsorbs salt in excess of h2o

Answer 12

thick ascending limb

Question 13

tubule fluid is diluted along blank

Answer 13

the loop of Henle

Question 14

whether the final urine remains dilute or is concentrated depends on whether water reabsorption occurs in the blank

Answer 14

collecting tubule

Question 15

water permeability of the collecting duct is blank

Answer 15

low

Question 16

the continued reabsorption of NaCl along the distal nephron leaves a relatively blank fluid behind in the tubule lumen

Answer 16

hypotonic

Question 17

peptide hormone that stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney

Answer 17

adh

Question 18

adh increases the water permeability of blank

Answer 18

the collecting duct

Question 19

adh increases the movement of blank to the plasma membrane to increase water permeability

Answer 19

aquaporins

Question 20

decrease in blood pressure or volume stimulates blank release to blank

Answer 20

adh, increase volume via reabsorption

Question 21

diabetes mellitus can lead to blank in the urine because the kidney cant reabsorb all of it and will produce blank urine because of all the solute

Answer 21

glucose, tons of urine

Question 22

this disease is characterized by not being able to reabsorb h2o in the collecting duct and individuals have excessive thirst and make excessive amounts of urine and become rapidly dehydrated…. not enough adh being produced

Answer 22

diabetes insipidus

Question 23

diabetes insipidus easy fix

Answer 23

adh drugs

Question 24

disease that is the failure of the kidney to respond to adh and is a mutation in aquaporin 2

Answer 24

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Question 25

opposite of diabetes insipidus when the body retrieves too much water from the tubule leading to water toxicity

Answer 25

syndrome of inappropriate adh secretion

Question 26

tissue that surrounds the medullary segments of the nepron

Answer 26

medullary interstitium

Question 27

fluid in the medullary interstitium is enriched in these

Answer 27

Na, Cl, urea

Question 28

the loop of henle removes more blank than blank from the lumen

Answer 28

NaCl, water

Question 29

two components to generating the gradient

Answer 29

single effect, countercurrent multiplier

Question 30

single effect has the blank actively pumping NaCl into the interstitium

Answer 30

thick ascending limb

Question 31

the countercurrent multiplier multiplies the blank to produce a far greater blank between the cortex and medulla

Answer 31

single effect, mOsm gradient

Question 32

collecting duct has the ability to do this

Answer 32

concentrate urine

Question 33

urea is freely filtered at the blank but 85 percent is reabsorbed along the blank

Answer 33

glomerulus, nephron

Question 34

urea comes from blank breakdown

Answer 34

protein

Question 35

protein rich diet results in blank urine

Answer 35

more concentrated

Question 36

blood supply to the medulla is relatively blank which reduces the contribution to medullary washout

Answer 36

minimal

Question 37

these create an efficient countercurrent exchange mechanism with the loop of henle which minimizes washout even more

Answer 37

vasa recta

Question 38

amount of water is properly balanced

Answer 38

euvolemia

Question 39

main contributor to extracellula osmolarity because it is the main osmolyte in extracellular fluid

Answer 39

sodium

Question 40

volume expansion during positive sodium balance

Answer 40

hypervolemia

Question 41

volume contraction in negative sodium balance

Answer 41

hypovolemia