GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY - PHARMACODYNAMICS

Question 1

Pharmacodynamics involves the study of

Answer 1

• Biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
• Mechanisms of drug action
• Drug interactions
• Information about unwanted effects

Question 2

The most appropriate to the term “receptor”

Answer 2

Active macromolecular components of a cell or an organism which a drug molecule has to combine with in order to elicit its specific effect

Question 3

What does “affinity” mean

Answer 3

A measure of how tightly a drug binds to a receptor

Question 4

Target proteins which a drug molecule binds are

Answer 4

• Only receptors
• Only ion channels
• Only carriers

Question 5

An agonist is a substance that

Answer 5

Interacts with the receptor and initiates changes in cell function, producing various effects

Question 6

If an agonist can produce maximal effects and has high efficacy it’s called

Answer 6

Full agonist

Question 7

If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has moderate efficacy it’s called

Answer 7

Partial agonist

Question 8

An antagonist is a substance that

Answer 8

Binds to the receptors without directly altering their functions

Question 9

A competitive antagonist is a substance that

Answer 9

Binds to the same receptor site and progressively inhibits the agonist response

Question 10

The substance binding to one receptor subtype as an agonist and to another as an antagonist is called

Answer 10

Agonist-antagonist

Question 11

Irreversible interaction of an antagonist with a receptor is due to

Answer 11

Covalent bonds

Question 12

Mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are

Answer 12

• Transmembrane receptors that bind and stimulate a protein tyrosine kinase
• Ligand-gated ion channels that can be induced to open or close by binding a ligand
• Transmembrane receptor protein that stimulates a GTP binding signal transducer protein (G-protein) which in turn generates an intracellular second messenger

Question 13

Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor

Answer 13

cAMP

Question 14

Tick the substance which changes the activity of an effector element but doesn’t belong to second messengers

Answer 14

G–protein

Question 15

The increase of second messengers’ (cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+ etc.) concentration leads to

Answer 15

Proteinkinases activation and protein phosphorylation.

Question 16

Tick the substances whose mechanisms are based on interaction with ion channels

Answer 16

• Sodium channel blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
• Potassium channels activators

Question 17

All of the following statements about efficacy and potency are true

Answer 17

• Efficacy is usually a more important clinical consideration than potency
• Efficacy is the maximum effect of a drug
• Potency is a comparative measure, refers to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same effect

Question 18

Efficacy

Answer 18

is the maximum effect of a drug

Question 19

Potency

Answer 19

is a comparative measure, refers to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same effect

Question 20

Therapeutical dose

Answer 20

The amount of a substance to produce the required effect in most patients

Question 21

Toxic dose

Answer 21

The amount of substance to produce effects hazardous for an organism

Question 22

Which effect may lead to toxic reactions when a drug is taken continuously or repeatedly

Answer 22

Cumulative effect

Question 23

What term is used to describe a more gradual decrease in responsiveness to a drug, taking days or weeks to develop?

Answer 23

Tolerance

Question 24

What term is used to describe a decrease in responsiveness to a drug which develops in a few minutes?

Answer 24

Tachyphylaxis

Question 25

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 25

Very rapidly developing tolerance

Question 26

True or False. Drug resistance is a term used to describe the loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial or antitumour drugs.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of

Answer 27

• Increased metabolic degradation
• ## Change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators

Question 28

True or False. Dependence is often associated with tolerance to a drug, a physical abstinence syndrome, and psychological dependence (craving).

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is called?

Answer 29

Abstinence syndrome

Question 30

What is the type of drug-to-drug interaction which is connected with processes of absorption, biotransformation, distribution and excretion?

Answer 30

Pharmacokinetic interaction

Question 31

What is the type of drug-to-drug interaction which is the result of interaction at receptor, cell, enzyme or organ level?

Answer 31

Pharmacodynamic interaction

Question 32

What phenomenon can occur in case of using a combination of drugs?

Answer 32

Synergism

Question 33

If two drugs with the same effect, taken together, produce an effect that is equal in magnitude to the sum of the effects of the drugs given individually, it is called as

Answer 33

Additive effect

Question 34

What does the term “potentiation” mean?

Answer 34

Intensive increase of drug effects due to their combination

Question 35

The types of antagonism are

Answer 35

Competitive

Question 36

The term “chemical antagonism” means that

Answer 36

Two drugs combine with one another to form an inactive compound

Question 37

A teratogenic action is

Answer 37

Negative action on the fetus causing fetal malformation

Question 38

Characteristic unwanted reaction which isn’t related to a dose or to a pharmacodynamic property of a drug is called

Answer 38

Hypersensitivity

Question 39

Idiosyncratic reaction of a drug is

Answer 39

Unpredictable, inherent, qualitatively abnormal reaction to a drug

Question 40

Therapeutic index (TI) is

Answer 40

A ratio used to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a drug for indication