CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS - ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards
What does the term “antibiotics” mean
Substances produced by some microorganisms and their synthetic analogues that selectively kill or inhibit
the growth of another microorganisms
General principles of anti-infective therapy are
- Clinical judgment of microbiological factors
- Definitive identification of a bacterial infection and the microorganism’s susceptibility
- Optimal route of administration, dose, dosing frequency and duration of treatment
Minimal duration of antibacterial treatment usually is
Not less than 5 days
Rational anti-microbial combination is used to
- Provide synergism when microorganisms are not effectively eradicated with a single agent alone
- Provide broad coverage
- Prevent the emergence of resistance
Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to anti-microbial agents are
- Active transport out of a microorganism or/and hydrolysis of an agent via enzymes produced by a microorganism
- Modification of a drug’s target
- Reduced uptake by a microorganism
True or False. The statement, that some microorganisms can develop alternative metabolic pathways for rendering reactions inhibited by the drug
TRUE
Bactericidal effect is
Destroying of bacterial cells
Which roups of antibiotics demonstrates a bactericidal effect?
Penicillins
Bacteristatic effect is
Inhibition of bacterial cell division
Which groups of antibiotics demonstrates a bacteristatic effect
Macrolides
Which antibiotics contains a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Carbapenems and monobactams
Drug belonging to antibiotics-macrolides
Erythromycin
Drug belonging to antibiotics-carbapenems
Imipinem
Drug belonging to antibiotics-monobactams
Aztreonam
Drug belongs to antibiotics-cephalosporins
Cefaclor
Drug belonging to lincozamides
Lincomycin
Drug belonging to antibiotics-tetracyclines
Doxycycline
Exemples of aminoglycosides
- Gentamycin
- Streptomycin
- Neomycin
Drug belonging to nitrobenzene derivative
Chloramphenicol
Drug belonging to glycopeptides
Vancomycin
Antibiotics inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis are
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Antibiotic inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis is
Rifampin
Antibiotics altering permeability of cell membranes are
Polymyxins
All of the following antibiotics inhibit the protein synthesis in bacterial cells
- Macrolides
- Aminoglycosides
- Tetracyclines
Biosynthetic penicillins are effective against
Gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, Corynebacterium diphtheria, spirochetes, Clostridium gangrene
Which drugs is a gastric acid resistant
Penicillin V
Which drugs is penicillinase resistant
Oxacillin
All of the following drugs demonstrate a prolonged effect
- Procain penicillin
- Bicillin-1
- Bicillin-5
Mechanism of penicillins’ antibacterial effect is
Inhibition of transpeptidation in the bacterial cell wall
Beta-lactamase inhibitor for co-administration with penicillins
- Clavulanic acid
- Sulbactam
- Tazobactam
Cephalosporines are drugs of choice for treatment of
Gram-negative and gram-positive microorganism infections, if penicillins have no effect
Carbapenems are effective against
Broad-spectum
All of the following antibiotics are macrolides
- Erythromycin
- Clarithromycin
- Roxythromycin
Tetracyclins have following unwanted effects
- Irritation of gastrointestinal mucosa, phototoxicity
- Hepatotoxicity, anti-anabolic effect
- Dental hypoplasia, bone deformities
Drug belonging to antibiotics-aminoglycosides
Gentamycin
Aminoglycosides are effective against
Broad-spectum, except anaerobic microorganisms and viruses
Aminoglycosides have the following unwanted effects
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Characteristics of chloramphenicol
Broad-spectum. Demonstrates a bactericidal effect.
Chloramphenicol has the following unwanted effects
Pancytopenia
Characteristics of lincozamides
Influence mainly the anaerobic organisms, Gram positive cocci.
Lincozamides have the following unwanted effect
Pseudomembranous colitis
Characteristics of vancomicin
It is a glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis and is active only against Gram-positive bacteria.
Vancomicin has the following unwanted effects
“Red neck” syndrome, phlebitis
Which drugs is used for systemic and deep mycotic infections treatment:
Amphotericin B
Which drugs is used for dermatomycosis treatment
Griseofulvin
Which drugs is used for candidiasis treatment
Myconazol
The following antifungal drugs are antibiotics
Myconazol
Mechanism of Amphotericin B action is
Alteration of cell membrane permeability
Azoles have an antifungal effect because of
Reduction of ergosterol synthesis
Which drugs alters permeability of Candida cell membranes
Nystatin
Amfotericin B has the following unwanted effects
Renal impairment, anemia
Drug belonging to antibiotics having a polyene structure
Nystatin
The following drugs demonstrate a fungicidal effect
- Terbinafin
- Ketoconazole
- Myconazol
The following drug do not demonstrate a fungicidal effect
Amfotericin B
Characteristics of polyenes are
- Alter the structure and functions of cell membranes
- Broad-spectrum
- Nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
Characteristics of polyenes are not
Fungicidal effect
Characteristics of Amfotericin B are
- Used for systemic mycosis treatment
- Poor absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract
- Influences the permeability of fungus cell membrane
Characteristics of Amfotericin B are not
Does not demonstrate nephrotoxicity
