AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - General anesthetics Flashcards
The state of “general anesthesia” usually includes
- Analgesia
- Loss of consciousness, inhibition of sensory and autonomic reflexes
- Amnesia
Inhaled anesthetics and intravenous agents having general anesthetic properties
Directly activate GABAA receptors
Indicate the anesthetic, which is an inhibitor of NMDA glutamate receptors:
Ketamine
An ideal anesthetic drug would
- Induces anesthesia smoothly and rapidly and secure rapid recovery
- Posses a wide margin of safety
- Be devoid of adverse effects
Which general anesthetics belongs to inhalants?
Desfluran
Indicate the anesthetic, which is used intravenously
Propofol
Which inhalants is a gas anesthetic?
Nitrous oxide
Sevoflurane has largely replaced halothane and isoflurane as an inhalation anesthetic of choice because
- Induction of anesthesia is achieved more rapidly and smoothly
- Recovery is more rapid
- It has low post- anesthetic organ toxicity
The limitation of sevoflurane is
Chemically unstable
Which inhalants lacks sufficient potency to produce surgical anesthesia by itself and therefore is commonly used with another inhaled or intravenous anesthetic?
Nitrous oxide
Which inhaled anesthetics has rapid onset and recovery?
- Nitrous oxide
- Desflurane
- Sevoflurane
Indicate the inhaled anesthetic, which reduces arterial pressure and heart rate
Halothane
Which inhaled anesthetics causes centrally mediated sympathetic activation leading to a rise in blood pressure and heart rate?
Desflurane
Indicated the inhaled anesthetic, which decreases the ventilatory response to hypoxia
Nitrous oxide
Which inhaled anesthetics is an induction agent of choice in patient with airway problems?
Halothane
Indicate the inhaled anesthetic, which causes the airway irritation
Desflurane
Which inhaled anesthetics increases cerebral blood flow least of all?
Nitrous oxide
Indicate the inhaled anesthetic, which should be avoided in patients with a history of seizure disorders
Enflurane
Which inhaled anesthetics can produce hepatic necrosis?
Halothane
Indicated the inhaled anesthetic, which may cause nephrotoxicity
Soveflurane
Which inhaled anesthetics decreases metheonine synthase activity and causes megaloblastic anemia?
Nitrous oxide
Unlike inhaled anesthetics, intravenous agents such as thiopental, etomidate, and propofol
- Have a faster onset and rate of recovery
- Provide a state of conscious sedation
- Are commonly used for induction of anesthesia
Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate
Thiopental
Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which is a benzodiazepine derivative
Midazolam
Which agents is used to accelerate recovery from the sedative actions of intravenous benzodiazepines?
Flumazenil
Neuroleptanalgesia has the following properties
- Droperidol and fentanyl are commonly used
- It can be used with nitrous oxide to provide neuroleptanesthesia
- Confusion and mental depression can occur as adverse effects
Neuroleptanalgesia has not the following properties
Hypertension is a common consequence
Which intravenous anesthetics has antiemetic actions?
Propofol
Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which causes minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects
Etomidate
Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which produces dissociative anesthesia
Ketamine
Ketamine anesthesia is associated with
- Cardiovascular stimulation
- Increased cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption and intracranial pressure
- Disorientation, sensory and perceptual illusions, and vivid dreams following anesthesia
