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final exam ;( Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-
What are the MOAs for urinary tract analgesics?

common meds

A

URINARY TRACT ANALGESICS: local anesthetic on the mucosa of the urinary tract

meds: Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

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2
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What are the MOAs for urinary tract antiseptics?
common meds

A

broad-spectrum urinary antiseptic with bacteriostatic and bactericidal action. It injures bacteria by damaging its DNA

Common Meds: nitrofurantoin and methenamine

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3
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What possible interactions can happen using spironolactone and Angiotensin II receptor blockers or ACE inhibitors together?

A

Increased risk of hyperkalemia

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4
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia (what lab values will be present with each)?

A

HYPOkalemia: 3.5-5mEq/L

Lethargic, low, shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias, lots of urine, leg cramps, limp muscles, low BP

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5
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia (what lab values will be present with each)?

A

HYPERkalemia: 3.5-5mEq/L

Muscle weakness, urine output little or none, respiratory failure, decreased cardiac contractility, early muscle twitches/cramps, rhythm changes

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6
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What are the complications of loop diuretics (which are their common meds)?

A

Dehydration, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypotension, ototoxicity, hypokalemia, loss of other electrolyte levels

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7
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What are the loop diuretics common meds?

A
  • furosemide (lasix)
  • ethacrynic acid (edecrin)
  • bumetanide (bumex)
  • Toresemide (dytor)
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8
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What are the complications of potassium-sparing diuretics (which are their common meds)?

A

Hyperkalemia, endocrine effects, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis

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9
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What are the contraindications for oral contraceptives?

A
  • Smokers over the age 35
  • Hx of thrombophlebitis and cardiovascular events
  • family history of breast cancer
  • experiencing abnormal vaginal bleeding
  • caution in hypertension
  • DM
  • gall bladder disease, uterine leiomyoma
  • seizure
  • migraine headaches
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10
Q

Urinary/Reproductive Lecture-

What important patient teaching do we give to give patients of child-bearing age when taking antibiotics?

A

extra contraceptive protection

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11
Q

(musculoskeletal medication classifications) Which are the MOAs of DMARDS

A

slow joint degeneration and progression of rheumatoid arthritis

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12
Q

musculoskeletal medication classifications:

Which are the MOAs of (Selective estrogen receptor modulator) SERM

A

works as an endogenous estrogen in bone, lipid, metabolism, and blood coagulation

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13
Q

(musculoskeletal medication classifications) Which are the MOAs of bisphosphonates

A

decrease the number and action of osteoclasts, and inhibits bone resorption

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14
Q

(musculoskeletal medication classifications) Which are the MOAs of calcitonin

A

decreases bone resorption by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts in osteoporosis, and increases renal calcium excretion by inhibiting tubular resorption

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15
Q

(musculoskeletal medication classifications) Which are the MOAs of calcium supplements

A

maintenance of musculoskeletal, neurologic, and cardiovascular function

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16
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the signs/symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

Hypercalcemia: bone pain, arrythmias, cardiac arrest, kidney stones, muscle weakness, excessive urination

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17
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the complications of calcium supplements?

A

hypercalcemia

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18
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

Which common medications belong to the biphosphonate classification?

A

Alendronate, Ibandronate, Risedronate

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19
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the nursing implications of giving DMARDs?

A
  • Let clients know that DMARDS can take 3-6 weeks to start to take effect, several months for full
  • Monitor for side effects/adverse effects
  • Monitor potassium levels and blood glucose levels
  • Get baseline CBC, and monitor platelet counts periodically
  • Monitor liver enzymes
  • Monitor closely for infections
  • Obtain baseline eye exam and follow-up eye exam q6 months
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20
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the complications of methotrexate (DMARD)? What kinds of signs and symptoms would patients complain about if they had these complications?

A
  • Increased risk of infection
  • hepatic fibrosis and toxicity
  • bone marrow suppression
  • GI ulcerations
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21
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What medications/drinks interact with methotrexate (DMARD)?

A

Salicylates/ other NSAIDS, sulfonamides, PCN, tetracyclines, Folic Acid

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22
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the nursing implications of calcium supplements?

A

Nursing Implications: chewable tablets are preferred, monitor calcium levels, observe for signs of hypercalcemia

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23
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the patient teaching of calcium supplements?

A

Patient Teaching: take at least 1 hour apart from glucocorticoids and tetracyclines and at least 4 hours apart from thyroid hormone, take with 8oz of water

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24
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

Which medication belongs to SERM classification?

A

Raloxifene

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25
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the complications of SERM medications?

A

Increased risk for pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, hot flashes

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26
Q

Musculoskeletal lecture-

What are the nursing implications of Calcitonin meds?

A
  • Can be given SQ, IM, or intranasally
  • keep the container in an upright position
  • monitor for hypocalcemia
  • monitor bone density scans periodically
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27
Q

Neurologic lecture-

What are the MOAs for Benzodiazepines

A

enhance the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the CNS

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28
Q

Neurologic lecture-

What are the MOAs for Muscle Relaxants

A

acts in the CNS to enhance GABA, produce sedative effects, and depress hyperactive spasticity of muscles

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29
Q

Neurologic lecture-
What are the MOAs for Anticonvulsants:
& meds

A

control seizure disorder by slowing the entracne sodium and calcium back into the neuron, suppressing neuronal firing, and enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma butyric acid (GABA)

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproic Acid

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30
Q

Neurologic lecture-

What are the MOAs for Antiparkinsons Agents:

A

relief of dyskinesias and ability to perform ADLs by maintaining the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine in the extrapyramidal nervous system

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31
Q

Neurologic lecture-

What are the MOAs for Antidementia Agent:

A

prevent the enzyme cholinesterase from inactivating acetylcholine thereby increasing the amount of acetylcholine available at receptor sites

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32
Q

Neurologic lecture-

What are the MOAs for Migraine:

A

prevent inflammation and dilation of the intracranial blood vessels, thereby relieving migraine pain

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33
Q

Neurologic lecture-

Benzodiazepines meds

A

Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Clonazepam

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34
Q

Neurologic lecture-
Muscle Relaxants meds
(b,c,d

A

Diazepam, Baclofen, Cyclobenzaprine

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35
Q

Neurologic lecture-

Anticonvulsants meds

A

Phenobarbital (Solfoton)
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Valproic acid (Depakote)

36
Q

Neurologic lecture-

Antiparkinsons Agents meds

A

Levodopa/Carbidopa

37
Q

Neurologic lecture-

Antidementia Agent med

A

Donepezil

38
Q

Neurologic lecture-

Migraine meds

A

Serotonin receptor agonists, ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine), aspirin-like NSAIDS/acetaminophen

39
Q

Neurologic lecture-

What is the patient teaching points for antiparkinsons agents?

A
  • Take as directed, do not adjust dosage without consulting with provider
  • May cause sleepiness/drowsiness, avoid activities that require alertness
  • May cause harmless darkening of saliva, urine, or sweat
  • Notify your provider if you experience any GI distress, palpitations, involuntary movements or behavioral changes
40
Q

Neurologic lecture-

What is the patient teaching points for anticonvulsants?

A
  • Take medications as prescribed
  • you will need periodic blood work
  • avoid activities that require alertness until seizures are fully controlled and medication effects are known
  • avoid pregnancy
  • do not stop medication without consulting your provider
41
Q

Neurologic lecture-

Which medications are given for migraines?

A

Serotonin receptor agonists, ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine), aspirin-like NSAIDS/acetaminophen

42
Q

Neurologic lecture-
What are the complications of antidementia agents? Which signs/symptoms will the patient complain of if they are experiencing them?

A
  • Excessive muscarinic stimulation (increased GI motility, secretions, diaphoresis, increased salivation)
  • Cholinergic crisis (respiratory depression, paralysis of the respiratory muscles can be fatal)
43
Q

intro lecture:

What is the difference between generic names and brand names of medications?

A

Generic is the official name of the drug and Brand is the company created name

44
Q

intro lecture:

Pharmacodynamics:

A

what the drug or medication does to the body

45
Q

intro lecture:

Pharmacokinetics

A

how medications travel through the body

46
Q

intro lecture:

What is genomic medicine and how can it help diverse populations?

A

Personalize medications for a specific group or person

47
Q

Safety/Dosage Calc lecture:

What are the steps to performing a safe medication administration?

A

Three checks of 6 rights

48
Q

Safety/Dosage Calc lecture:

What are the six rights of medication administration?

A

Patient, Medication, Dose, Time, Route, Documentation

49
Q

Pain/Inflammation lecture:

Which are common medications that belong to the NSAID classification?

A

Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Indomethacin, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Meloxicam, Celecoxib

50
Q

Pain/Inflammation lecture:

What are the contraindications for opioids?

A 
Pregnancy Cat D
Biliary tract surgery
preemies during/after delivery
kidney failure
head injuries
extremely obese
hepatic or renal disease
hypotension
51
Q

Pain/Inflammation lecture:

What are the antidotes for opioids and non-opioid analgesics?

A

Naloxone

52
Q

Cardiovascular lecture:

What are the complications of beta blockers?

A
  • Bradycardia
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • decreased cardiac output
  • heart block; nonselective:
    bronchoconstriction
  • inhibited glycogenesis
53
Q

Cardiovascular lecture:

What are the therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • excretion of sodium and water and retention of potassium by actions in the kidneys
  • reduction in pathological changes
  • in the blood vessels and heart that result from the presence of angiotensin II and aldosterone
54
Q

Cardiovascular lecture:

What are expected side effects for organic nitrates?

A

orthostatic hypotension
headache
reflex tachycardia
tolerance

55
Q

Cardiovascular lecture:

Which are common medications belonging to ARBs?

A

losartan, irbesartan, candesartan, Olmesartan

56
Q

Respiratory lecture:

What is the patient teaching for antihistamines?

A
  • Take before bed
  • don’t operate heavy machinery/drive while on meds
  • increase fluids and fiber
  • suck on sugar free hard candy to avoid dry mouth
57
Q

Respiratory lecture:

What are the complications of antihistamines?

A

Sedation, anticholinergic effects, GI discomfort, respiratory depression

58
Q

Respiratory lecture:

What is the patient teaching when giving an inhaled glucocorticoid?

A

Use with a spacer as directed, rinse mouth after each use

59
Q

Respiratory lecture:

What is the MOA of expectorants?

A

Promotes increased cough production by increasing and thinning mucous secretions

60
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

Which lab values would indicate that epoetin alfa is therapeutic?

A

Hg 10-11 g/dL

Hct 33%

61
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

What is the patient teaching for Vitamin K inhibitors?

A
  • Take in evening
  • avoid alcohol or NSAIDS
  • avoid high vitamin K foods
  • watch for bruising
  • bleeding gums
  • use soft toothbrush and safety razor
  • regular blood tests
62
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

ptt normally and on heparin

A

normal: 30-40 sec
heparin: 60-80 sc

63
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

platelet count

A

150,000-450,000

64
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

hematocrit

A

38%- 54%

65
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

hemoglobin

A

12-18

66
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:
pt normally
pt on warfarin

A

normal: 9.5-11.8 sec
warfarin: 18-24 sec

67
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:
INR normal
INR on warfarin

A

normal: 0-1.1

warfarin 2-3

68
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

AST

A

7-46

69
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

ALT

A

10-30

70
Q

Hematology/Immune lecture:

total billrubin

A

.3- 1.2

71
Q

Antimicrobials lecture:

What are the complications of antifungal medications?

A
  • IV infusion reactions
  • thrombophlebitis
  • nephrotoxicity
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • bone marrow suppression
72
Q

Antimicrobials lecture:

What is the general patient teaching for all antibiotics?

A

Finish entire course, take back up BC methods

73
Q

Antimicrobials lecture:

When are peak and trough levels drawn?

A

Trough is draw immediately before the next dose of the drug and peak is drawn 1-several hours after admin

74
Q

GI lecture:

What is the patient teaching for Mucosal protectants?

A
  • Take therapy for 4-8 weeks even if feeling better
  • increase fluid intake
  • fiber and dietary bulk to prevent constipation
  • follow up with GI specialist
75
Q

GI lecture:

What are the nursing implications for Antacids?

A
  • Admin 1-3 hours before meals or at bedtime
  • shake the suspension well before admin
  • monitor for hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia
  • use caution with antacids that contain sodium with hypertension or heart failure patients
76
Q

GI lecture:

potassium level

A

3.5-5.1

77
Q

GI lecture:

sodium level

A

135-145

78
Q

GI lecture:

calcium level

A

8.5-10.5

79
Q

GI lecture:

magnesium

A

1.8-2.2

80
Q

endocrine lecture:

Rapid acting: Insulin Lispro: ONSET & PEAK

A

ONSET: 15-30 min
PEAK: 0.5-2.5 hours

81
Q

endocrine lecture:

Rapid acting: Insulin Aspart: ONSET & PEAK

A

ONSET: 10-20 min
PEAK: 1-3 hours

82
Q

endocrine lecture:

Rapid acting: Insulin Glulisine: ONSET and peak

A

ONSET: 10-15 min
PEAK: 1-1.5 hours

83
Q

endocrine lecture:

short acting: Regular Insulin: ONSET and PEAK

A

ONSET: 30-60 min

PEAK: 1-5 hours

84
Q

endocrine lecture:

Intermediate acting: NPH Insulin: ONSET and PEAK

A

ONSET: 1-2 hours
PEAK: 6-14 hours

85
Q

endocrine lecture:

Long acting: Insulin Glargine: ONSET & PEAK

A

ONSET: 70 min

PEAK: none

86
Q

endocrine lecture:

Long acting: Insulin Detemir: ONSET and peak

A

ONSET: 1-2 hours PEAK: 12-24 hours

87
Q

endocrine lecture:

Which food/drink interactions are there with patients taking oral antidiabetic medications?

A

ALCOHOL

pharm (44 decks)

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