[C] 1.49 Accomodation (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, transformatio)

Question 1

Accommodation: Overview

Answer 1

Counteraction of the harmful effects

• When tissue loss is too big
• Healing method was organisation/heteromorphosis

Question 2

Accommodation: types

Answer 2

• Hypertrophy
• Transformation

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

• Increase in size → Increase in activity
• Without significant structural changes
  
  • Hypertrophia in sensu strictori (simple enlargement)
  • Hypertrophia numerica (hyperplasia) - Cell multiplication
• Differentiation between hypertrophy & hyperplasia is almost impossible

Question 4

Hypertrophy: Preconditions

Answer 4

• Increased output only in healthy organs
• Requires good nutrient & oxygen supply
• Good innervation & general state
• Tissue type (Muscle, certain glandular organs)
• Manifestation

Question 5

Hypertrophy preconditions: Manifestation

Answer 5

• Enlarged organs (normal shape)
• Thickening of the wall (in hollow organs)
  
  • Simple hypertrophy
  • Dilation of the lumen

Question 6

Types of hypertrophy

Answer 6

• Physiological
• Pathological

Question 7

Physiological hypertrophy: Examples

Answer 7

• Uterus during pregnancy
• Mammary gland during lactation
• Skeletal & heart muscle during training

Question 8

Pathological hypertrophy: Examples

Answer 8

• Increased work load
• Compensatory (vicarious)
• Correlation type

Question 9

Hypertrophy due to increased work load

Answer 9

• Valve defects in the heart
• Narrowed orifices
  
  • Heart
  • Urinary bladder (prostate enlarged)
  • Intestines (Scar/innervation problem)
  • Oesophagus (cardiac sphincter spasm)
  • Bonchi (verminous bronchitis)

Question 10

Compensatory hypertrophy

Answer 10

In paired organs, one replaces the other’s lost function

• Kidney - Glomerulus enlarge, tubules proliferate
• Testes
• Adrenal gland
• Liver - Partial hypertrophy, partial hyperplasia

Question 11

Correlation type hypertrophy

Answer 11

• Enlargement & hyperfunction of endocrine glands
  
  • Metabolic disorder stimulates
    
    • Hypocalcaemia/Phosphate retention causes hypertrophy in the parathyroid gland
  • The activity of the synergistic gland
  • Missing inhibiting effect of the antagonistic gland
• Leads to hormonal dysfunction

Question 12

Endocrine-origin hypertrophy/hyperplasia

Answer 12

• Functional tumour of the pituitary gland
• Secretes ACTH
• ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesise and release steroids

Question 13

Pseudohypertrophy

Answer 13

Enlargement but not increased function

• Muscle
• Liver
• Skin & mucous membrane
• Wound healing
• Teeth
• Hormonal dysfunction

Question 14

Pseudohypertrophy: Muscle

Answer 14

Psedohypertrophia lipomatosa musculorum

• Enlargement of muscles in case of muscular atrophy
• Replacement by fat tissue

Question 15

Pseudohypertrophy: Liver

Answer 15

Connective tissue proliferation in chronic inflammation

Question 16

Pseudohypertrophy: Skin & mucous membranes

Answer 16

Polyps

Question 17

Transformation of the tissues (transformatio)

Answer 17

• Vessels
  
  • Collaterals
• Bones
  
  • Different directions
  • Weight
• Tendons