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Pathology A - General Pathology > [B] 1.68 Definition of tumor (oncogenes, tumorsuppressor genes) > Flashcards

[B] 1.68 Definition of tumor (oncogenes, tumorsuppressor genes) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of tumour

A
  • Pathologic lesion
  • With irreversible genetic damage in the background
  • This DNA will alter a gene’s structure and/or function
  • Abnormal cell proliferation
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2
Q

There will always be … damage during replication

A

DNA

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3
Q

Neoplasia cannot be avoided if…

A

The animal lives long enough

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4
Q

Define: Neoplasma, neoplasia

A

New tissue proliferation

  • Neo = New
  • Plasein = Compose
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5
Q

Define: Tumour

A

From main characteristics of inflammation

(4 pillars of inflammation)

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6
Q

Define: -oncos

A

“Tumour” in Greek

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7
Q

Define: Oncology

A

Discipline working with neoplasia

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8
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

Tissue proliferation

  • Any tissue can be an origin
  • Progressive growth with infinite proliferation ability = Immortalisation
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9
Q

Carcinogenesis: Self-preservation

A

Can be done with growth factors

  • Activated by oncogenes
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10
Q

Carcinogenesis: Resistance to growth inhibitors

A

By inactivation of tumour suppressor genes

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11
Q

How can carcinogenesis continue against the body?

A
  1. Avoiding the immune system
  2. Dysregulation of the tissue’s metabolism
  3. Losing apoptotic ability
  4. Continuous angiogenesis
  5. Predisposition to tissue invasion and metastasis
  6. Sustained inflammatory processes
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12
Q

Define: Gene

A

Sequence of nucleotide in DNA/RNA encoding synthesis of a gene product

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13
Q

The basis of the body’s function are the…

A
  • Autocrine signals
  • Paracrine signals
  • Endocrine signals

…and their effects on genes

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14
Q

A mutation can be…

A
  • Somatic: In a somatic cell
  • Germinal: In a gamete during gametogenesis
  • Spontaneous: Error in DNA replication
  • Induced: Environmental/epigenetic effect
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15
Q

Results of mutation can be…

A
  • Gene mutation/point mutation: Affecting 1 gene
  • Chromosome mutation: Affecting more genes
  • Genome mutation: The whole genome is affected
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16
Q

Why mutation doesn’t always lead to oncogenesis

A
  • Apoptosis
  • The enzyme can repair the DNA error
  • The error can occur in an inactive/neutral location
  • Genetic mutation as an evolutionary step (adaptation)
17
Q

Requirements of oncogenesis

A
  • Numerous genetic mutations
  • Preservation of replication ability
    • Transmission to daughter cells
  • Leads to Genetic instability
18
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme that adds TTAGGG oligonucleotites to the 3’ end of the chromosome’s telomer

19
Q

Telomerase activity in oncology

A
  • The chromosome won’t be shorter during DNA replication (⇔ Deterioration with age)
  • In many tumours: telomerase is reactivated
  • Outcome: Immortalisation
  • Treatment: Anti-telomerase therapy
20
Q

Self-preservation & independence from growth factors

A

Main targets of carcinogenesis

  • Protooncogenes
  • Oncogenes
  • Suppressor genes
  • Stability genes
21
Q

Main targets of carcinogenesis: Proto-oncogenes

A
  • Normal genes
  • Produced metabolites aid cell proliferation
22
Q

Main targets of carcinogenesis: Oncogenes

A
  • Mutant or highly expressed variants of protooncogenes
  • Their function is autonomous
  • Code proteins containing a structural/functional genetic error
    • Oncoproteins
  • Oncogene alleles are dominant
23
Q

Main targets of carcinogenesis: Suppressor genes

A

Inhibit cell proliferation through regulation of cell cycle

24
Q

Proto-oncogenes: Types

A
  • Growth Factors (EGF, PDGF)
  • Growth factor receptors (Membranous, cytoplasmic)
  • Signal molecules
  • Transcription factors
25
Q

Damage of protooncogenes =

A

Gain of function

26
Q

Tumour suppressor genes

A
  • Suppressor genes containing a genetic mutation
  • These mutations are recessive (except for p53)
    • Both alleles need to be mutated to a phenotypic manifestation
  • Damage of suppressor genes = Loss of function
27
Q

Stability genes

A
  • Members of DNA-repair system → Maintain genomic integrity
  • Keep genetic variancy low
  • Indirect tumor suppressors
  • Mutation rate increases in other genes
28
Q

Inherited cancer syndromes usually originate from…

A

Inherited mutation of tumor suppressor genes & stability genes

Pathology A - General Pathology (85 decks)

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