[C] 1.42 Proliferative changes during regeneration. Fibrosis, elastosis, fibroelastosis, reticulosis, cirrhosis Flashcards

1
Q

Reaction from the organism

A

Effect of the stimuli & pathogens

  • Circulatory disturbances
  • Regressive changes
  • Proliferative changes
    • ​Mitosis
      • Few cycles
      • Stops after cells have finished their duty
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2
Q

Mitotic activity of difference cells

A
  • Stem cells
  • Labile cells (epithelial cells)
    • Vegetative intermitotic
  • Stabile cells (hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelium)
    • Reversible postmitotic
  • Permanent cells (nerve cells, striated muscle)
    • Fix postmitoticus
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3
Q

Cellular proliferative changes in local proliferative processes

A
  • Mononuclear cells
    • Monocytes
    • Reticulum cells
    • Lymphoid cells
    • Macrophages
  • Ectodermal cells in local processes
    • In skin & epidermis
    • In brain: gliac cells, astrocytes
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4
Q

Difference cells during regeneration

A
  • Histiocytes
  • Lymphoid cells
  • Firbroblasts
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5
Q

Histiocytes during regeneration

A
  • Large numbers after 12-24 hours
  • Fix or mobile forms
    • From endothelium or from MPS cell
    • From bone marrow through the blood
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6
Q

Lymphocyte during regeneration

A
  • In lymphoid organs (primary or secondary)
  • Solitaire or in groups
  • Contact with antigen - differentiation
  • Circulation and recirculation
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7
Q

Fibroblasts during regeneration

A
  • Following chronic stimuli
  • Produces fibres - Connective tissue
  • Angiofibroblast tissues
  • Granulation tissue
  • Mature connective tissue
  • Scar tissue
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8
Q

Diffuse proliferative changes in local proliferative processes occur in…

A
  • Mononuclear-phagocyte system (MPS)
  • Phagocytes
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9
Q

Diffuse proliferative changes in local proliferative processes: Mononuclear-phagocyte system (MPS)

A
  • Part of the immune system
  • Proliferate
  • Clear
  • Removal & absorption
  • Phagocytosis
  • Produces antibody
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10
Q

Diffuse proliferative changes in local proliferative processes: Phagocytes

A
  • Microphages (granulocytes)
  • Macrophages
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11
Q

Signs of regeneration activity

A

Phagocytic activity increases:

  • Basophilic cytoplasm
  • Vacuolisation
  • Chromatin structure rearrangement
  • Different shape
  • Mitosis
  • Reactive reticulosis
  • Activation: Endothel & reticulum cells
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12
Q

Components of the extracellular matrix (stroma/interstitium):

A
  • Fibres (Collagen, elastin, reticular)
  • Proteoglycans (Chondroitin sulphate)
  • Glycoproteins (Fibronectin, laminin)
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13
Q

Changes of the extracellular matrix (stroma/interstitium)

A
  • Increased or decreased amount
  • Changes of the proteoglycans & glycoproteins
    • Pathological mucus production
  • Changes of the fibres
    • Fibrosis
    • Elastosis
    • Fibroelastosis
    • Reticulosis
      • Sclerosis
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14
Q

Fibrosis (overview)

A

Proliferation of the collagen

  • Sometimes the proteoglycans also proliferate at the same time
  • Increased amount of the stroma
  • Requires vitamin C
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15
Q

Forms of fibrosis

A

Relative:

  • Degeneration of the parenchyma

Absolute:

  • In case of inflammatory processes
  • Due to ischaemia
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16
Q

Give the steps of fibrosis

A
  1. Ribosomes produce proto-collagen
  2. Collagen monomers formed
  3. Aggregation → Tropocollagen forms
  4. Tropocollagen → Basic filaments
  5. Basic filaments → Basic fibres
  6. Basic fibres → Fibre bundles
17
Q

Fibrosis: Vit. C deficiency

A
  • Decreased protocollagen & collagen monomer production
  • Basic filaments stuck in the cell
  • Basic filaments do not form fibres
18
Q

Tropocollagen is formed from…

A

3 polypeptide chains

19
Q

Where does fibrosis form?

A
  • Circumscribed areas of the body
  • Inside an organ, partially inside an organ
  • Diffusely in an organ
  • Intense fibroblast proliferation seen
20
Q

When is fibrosis observed?

A
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Replacing destroyed parenchyma
  • Following chronic circulatory disturbance
21
Q

Fibrosis: Appearance

A
  • Angiofibroblast tissue
  • Granulation tissue
22
Q

Elastosis: Overview

A
  • Proliferation of elastin and elastic fibres
  • Elastin is also produced by the fibroblasts
  • Elastin forms the elastic fibres
23
Q

Fibroelastosis

A

Fibrosis & elastosis occuring parallel

  • Proliferation of collagen and elastic fibres
24
Q

Reticulosis

A
  • Proliferation of the reticular fibres
  • Reticulum cells produce fine reticulum fibres
  • Found in all parenchymal cells
  • Nearly all mesenchymal cells can produce reticulum fibres
  • Forms: Primary or secondary
25
Q

Sclerosis: Overview

A

A special form of reticulosis

  • The relative proliferation of the reticular fibres because of the degeneration of the parenchymal cells ar the same time
26
Q

Cirrhosis

A
  • Chronic & long-lasting causes needed
  • Chronic parasitic infections/toxic effect
27
Q

Cirrhosis: Steps

A
  1. Chronic proliferative inflammation
  2. Parenchyma degeneration
  3. Unstructured parenchyma regeneration
  4. Proliferation of connective tissue (fibroblasts)
  5. Fibrosis (collagenous fibrosis)