[A] 1.20 Haemorrhage

Question 1

Define haemorrhage

Answer 1

Extravasation in a live animal

Question 2

Define Thrombosis (embolism)

Answer 2

Inappropriate formation of intravascular thrombus

Question 3

List the disorders of coagulation and haemostasis

Answer 3

• Haemorrhage
• Thrombosis (embolism)
• Haemorrhage and thrombosis (DIC)

Question 4

Factors influencing haemorrhage

Answer 4

• Endothelium
• Blood vessel
• Platelet
• Coagulation factors

Question 5

Give the forms of haemorrhage

Answer 5

• Internal
  
  • Into body cavities/lumen
  • Into tissues
• External
  
  • To the outside world
  • An internal organ becomes external

Question 6

Epistaxis

Answer 6

Nosebleed

Question 7

Hematemesis

Answer 7

Bloody vomit

Question 8

Hemoptoe

Answer 8

Haemorrhage from the lungs → Expectorant

Question 9

Haemarthros

Answer 9

Blood in the joints

Question 10

Hematuria

Answer 10

Blood in the urine

Question 11

Metrorrhagia

Answer 11

Haemorrhage in the uterus

Question 12

Melaena

Answer 12

Bloody faeces because of enterorhagia

Question 13

What is shown?

Answer 13

African swine fever infection

Question 14

Haemorrhage can be categorised by…

Answer 14

• Origin
• Appearance

Question 15

Forms of haemorrhage by origin

Answer 15

• Haemorrhage by:
  
  • Rhexis
  • Diapedesis

Question 16

Rhexis

Answer 16

= Breaking forth

• Vessel wall continuity defect
• Physically disrupted vessel
  
  • Trauma
  • Special type: Spontaneous rupture
  • Pathological dilation of vessels
  • Histolytic processes (inflammation/tumour)
  • Erosion resulting in haemorrhage

Question 17

Diapedesis

Answer 17

Small defects in otherwise intact blood vessels

• Increased vessel wall permeability (RBCs in small number)
  
  • Circulatory disturbances
  • Endothelial injury
    
    • Autointoxication
    • Virus
• Decreased coagulability
• Clotting factor deficiencies (von willebrand’s)
• Acquired coagulation disorders
  
  • Vit, K deficiency, warfarin toxicosism liver disease
• DIC

Question 18

Forms of haemorrhage by appearance

Answer 18

• Petechial haemorrhage
• Ecchymotic haemorrhage
• Suffusion
• Hematoma
• Apoplexy

Question 19

Observations made after bleeding

Answer 19

• Clotting or liquid
  
  • Defibrination
• Tissue necrosis
  
  • Remotion, resorption, organisation
  • Demarcation
• An apoplectic cyst (brain)
• Digestion
• RBC infiltration of the lymph nodes

Question 20

Effects and consequences of hemorrhage is dependent on…

Answer 20

• Amount
• Rate
• Loaction

Question 21

Rapid rate haemorrhage

Answer 21

Hypovolaemic shock

Question 22

Slow rate haemorrhage

Answer 22

Compensated by haematopoiesis

Question 23

Other effects seen in haemorrhage

Answer 23

• Tissue destruction
• Anaemia
• Haemorrhagic erosion
• Cardiac tamponade

Question 24

Signs of haemorrhage

Answer 24

• Haemorrhagic infiltration of lymph nodes
• Brown-red colour from haemoglobin
• Degradation of haemoglobin
  
  • Hemosiderin
    
    • Yello/brown colour
  • Greyish dislocation
    
    • Pseudomelanosis