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naplex > BIostat > Flashcards

BIostat Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of continuous data

A

logical order with values that increase or decrease by the same amount - HR 120 is x2 of HR 60

interval data- no meaningful 0 ( 0 equals something) 0 degree C
ratio data- meaningful 0( 0 means 0) HR is 0

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2
Q

what is an example of discrete data or categorical data

A

nominal- male female, yes no
ordinal- order = 1,2,3,4,5 pain scales, NYGH i-IV

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3
Q

what is the SD of data

A

it shows how spread out the value is from the mean, the lwoere the more closer to the mean

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4
Q

what are some charecteristics of normal or gaussian distribution

A

mean median and mode are the same and are at the center
68% of the values fall within 1 SD and 95 % of the values fall within 2 SD

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5
Q

when is better to use a median and how to even better the measurement

A

when the data is skewed adn to better add more participants

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6
Q

skewed meaning

A

data is in the direction of the outlier ( right meaning skewed to the right higher values)

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7
Q

what are independant variables

A

changed manipulated by the researcher for example drugs, dose, placebos, patients , age etc

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8
Q

what are dependant variables

A

effected by independant variables
- HF progression, HBA1c, BP cholesterol values

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9
Q

what is the alpha level

A

alpha level is the max permissable error margin commonly sett at 5%

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10
Q

what is a confidence interval

A

1- alpha
most of the time 95% confident data is true
if value touches 0 data is not statistically significant

RRR, OR, HR
result is statistically significant if data doesnt cross 1

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11
Q

what is a type I error

A

error where null is rejected but actually it should be accepted
false positive

** alpha <5 means 95 % correct and 5 % chance for TI error

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12
Q

what is a type II error

A

where null is rejected shouldve accepted
false negative

Power is used to avoid a type II error
P= 1-b
Power 90% means 90% of avoiding type 2 error

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13
Q

treatment relative risk meaning

A

if > 1 the treatment is risk with the endpoints
<1 treatment is safer wtih the endpoints than control group
“as likely” as the control group

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14
Q

what is the Relative risk reduction

A

% of patient less likely to have a disease after treated
“less likely” than control

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15
Q

What is the absolute risk reduction

A

includes reduction in risk and the incidence rate of the outcome
X amount of pt will benefit from the treatment
can be used to find NNT and NNH

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16
Q

Number needed to treat

A

1/ ARR round up

example - for every 9 pt who recieve the treatment per year 1 pt can prevent the disease

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17
Q

Number needed to harm

A

1/ARR rounded down
example- for every 90 pt treated with the treatment 1 patient can get harmed

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18
Q

what is an odds ratio

A

an event will occur verses the probability that it will not occur
used mostly in case control studies

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19
Q

what and when is hazard ratio used

A

when there is a disease progression or death
similar to RR

20
Q

when is a T test used

A

a student t test is when there is continuous data and 2 variable a treatment and a control group

21
Q

when is ANOVA or F test used

A

when there is continuous data with 3 or more samples

22
Q

Chi square is used when

A

there is discrete/ categorical data ( such as pain scale) between treatment and control

23
Q

sensitivity determines

A

the true positive, higher the sensitivity the better reults

24
Q

specificity determines

A

the true negative
the more specific it is the more able it is to differentiate

25
Q

interntion to treat vs per protocol

A

ITT is participants who were unable to trat but considered in the trail (all participants)
Per protocol is the study participants

26
Q

when are forest plots used

A

in meta analysis

27
Q

types of medical studies from top to bottom

A

systematic reviews and meta analysis
randomized control trial
cohort studies
case controlled studies
case series and case reports
expert opinion

28
Q

which study is prospective

A

RCT

29
Q

which studies are retrospective

A

case control

30
Q

which study can be both retrospective and prospective

A

cohort studies

31
Q

benefits of case controlled study

A

data is easy to obtain
unethical intervention (pesticide use that caused some problems)
less expensive

*** less reliable

32
Q

benefits of cohort study

A

Unethical interventions

** can be influenced by confounders

33
Q

benefits of RCT

A

preffered and reliable to find cause and effect
less potential for bias

** time consuming and expensive

34
Q

what are the various cost analysis

A

cost-effective
cost minimization
cost utility
cost benefit

35
Q

what is ECHO

A

economic
clinical
humanistic outcomes

36
Q

what are some direct medical costs

A

Drug prep
hospital admin
office clinic visits

37
Q

what are some direct non medical costs

A

travel to the hospital/clinic
caregiver cost
home health aides

38
Q

what are some indirect costs

A

lost work time
lost productivity
morbidity
mortality

39
Q

what are some intangible costs

A

pain
suffering anxiety
fatigue

40
Q

what is the average cost effective ratio

A

average treatment cost to generate successful outcome

41
Q

incremental cost ratio

A

C2-C1/E2-E1
if the result is 100 then C2 requires 100$ more for each additional tratment success

42
Q

what is a cost minimization analysis

A

> 2 intervention has equal outcome and cost is being compared

43
Q

what is a cost benefit analysis

A

comparing benefits and cost of 2 treatment options
measured in dollar outcome in dollar

44
Q

what is a cost effective analysis

A

not equal therapeutic but compares two interventions with costs
measured in dollars and outcome is measure in natural units such as %, mmhg BP etc)

45
Q

cost utility analysis

A

DALY for disability
QALY for quality of life

measurement of cost but outcome is QALY

naplex (78 decks)

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