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A Level Sociology > 3.2 Subculturalists On Crime & Deviance > Flashcards

3.2 Subculturalists On Crime & Deviance Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Subculturalist theories explain crime and deviance in terms of what?

A

Differing norms and values

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2
Q

(Cohen) Cohen talks about the delinquent what?

A

Subculture

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3
Q

(Cohen) delinquency is not an individual response rather it is what?

A

Collective

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4
Q

(Cohen) what did Merton fail to explain?

A

Non utilitarian crime

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5
Q

(Cohen) agrees with Merton that education failure is caused by what?

A

Cultural deprivation

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6
Q

(Cohen) due to cultural deprivation working class youths suffer what?

A

Status frustration

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7
Q

(Cohen) working class youths reject mainstream goals and replace them with what?

A

Their own a delinquent subculture

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8
Q

(Cohen) delinquent subcultures reverse what?

A

Norms and values of mainstream culture in defiance

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9
Q

(Cohen) delinquent subcultures offer what for its members?

A

Positive rewards e.g. Attention and recognition

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10
Q

(Cohen) criticism - Box questions whether working class youths originally do what?

A

Accept mainstream goals and feel ashamed by failure

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11
Q

(Cohen) criticisms - Box - working class youths may actually just resent what?

A

Being looked down upon

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12
Q

(Cohen) criticism Bordua -cohen uses the idea of cultural deprivation to explain education failure which is what?

A

Passed on through socialisation

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13
Q

(Cohen) criticism - Bordua - but cohen argues delinquent subcultures are what?

A

Developed anew in each generation

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14
Q

(Cloward and Ohlin) what can explain different types of deviance?

A

Differential access to illegitimate opportunity structure

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15
Q

(Cloward and Ohlin) when do criminal subcultures develop?

A

With access to organised adult crime
You need skills, location and connections to get in
Utilitarian

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16
Q

(Cloward and Ohlin) when do conflict subcultures develop?

A

When access to criminal is blocked

Frustration is expressed through gang violence

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17
Q

(Cloward and Ohlin) when do retreatist subcultures develop?

A

Access to criminal and conflict is blocked

Centres on drug use and petty crime

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18
Q

(Cloward and Ohlin) criticism - Taylor Walton and young say the theory assumes everyone starts with what?

A

The same goal

19
Q

(Cloward and Ohlin) criticism - some groups decide to do what?

A

Reject the success goal

They aren’t just reacting to their failure

20
Q

(Cloward and Ohlin) strength - they explain what that Merton doesn’t?

A

Delinquencys link to opportunity structure

21
Q

(Miller) explains crime through what?

A

Working class culture

22
Q

(Miller) what does the working class culture consist of?

A

5 focal concerns

23
Q

(Miller) what are the 5 focal concerns?

A 
Toughness 
Smartness
Excitement
Trouble
Autonomy
24
Q

(Miller) what is toughness and what crimes does it link to?

A

Concern for strength and masculinity

Connected to assault

25
Q

(Miller) what is smartness and what crimes is it connected to?

A

Concern for outwitting others

Linked to conmen

26
Q

(Miller) what is excitement and what is it linked to?

A

Thrill seeking

E.g. Gambling

27
Q

(Miller) what is trouble?

A

Seeing trouble and fighting as normal and acceptable

28
Q

(Miller) what is autonomy and what does it link to?

A

You can’t tell me what to do

Links to problems with the police

29
Q

(Miller) what two factors exaggerate focal concerns?

A

A peer group demanding close conformity

A concern for status

30
Q

(Miller) criticism - there is no consistent what?

A

Working class culture

31
Q

(Miller) criticism - Bordua says miller ignores contact with what?

A

Middle class institutions

32
Q

(Matza) criticised subculturalists by saying delinquents don’t do what?

A

Oppose mainstream norms and values

33
Q

(Matza) who did he research?

A

Delinquents in training schools

34
Q

(Matza) found delinquents expressed what?

A

Regret over their crimes

Disapproval of muggings and armed robberies

35
Q

(Matza) the fact delinquents expressed regret suggests what?

A

They don’t oppose mainstream norms and values

36
Q

(Matza) delinquents use what to minimise the moral bind of society and commit a crime?

A

Techniques of neutralisation

37
Q

(Matza) what are the techniques of neutralisation?

A 
Denial of responsibility 
Denial of injury
Denial act was wrong
Condemnation of law enforcers
Appeal to higher loyalties
38
Q

(Matza) as delinquents use these techniques what does it suggest?

A

They experience guilt and shame They don’t oppose mainstream norms and values

39
Q

(Matza) norms and values of delinquent subcultures allow for delinquency but don’t what?

A

Demand it

40
Q

Strengths - all subculturalists do what?

A

Explain dove thing Merton doesn’t

41
Q

Weakness - subculturalists assume crime is committed by who?

A

Working class males, trusting the stats

42
Q

Weaknesses - interactionists would say the stats are what?

A

Socially constructed

43
Q

Weaknesses - Marxists would say the stats underestimate what?

A

Corporate crime and crimes committed by the upper classes

A Level Sociology (90 decks)

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