3.2 Ethnicity & Offending

Question 1

(policing) who are more likely to be stopped and searched?

Answer 1

ethnic minority groups

Question 2

(policing) how many times more likely are black people to be stopped and searched?

Answer 2

7x

Question 3

(policing) how many times more likely are Asian people to be stopped and searched?

Answer 3

2x

Question 4

(policing) official statistics from 2006/7 showed Asians to be over how many times more likely to be stopped and searched?

Answer 4

3x

Question 5

(policing) Phillips and Browning highlight police officers hold what? leading to what?

Answer 5

negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals leading to deliberate targeting and stop and search

Question 6

(policing) in low discretion stops what do police act upon?

Answer 6

relevant info such as descriptions - not racist stereotypes

Question 7

(policing) in high discretion stops what do police act upon?

Answer 7

no specific intelligence

here stereotypes can be used and discrimination can occur

Question 8

(policing) which groups are most likely to be stopped?

Answer 8

ethnic minorities, young, unemployed, manual workers and urban dwellers

Question 9

(arrest & caution) Arrest rate for blacks is how many times the rate for whites?

Answer 9

3.6x

Question 10

(arrest & caution) once arrested black people are less likely to receive a caution, why?

Answer 10

mistrust of police

not admitting the offence (likely to be charged instead)

Question 11

(prosecution) the crown prosecution service is the main body deciding what?

Answer 11

whether a case brought by police should be prosecuted in court

Question 12

(arrest & caution) what is the CPS more likely to do regarding ethnic minorities?

Answer 12

drop cases against ethnic minorities

Question 13

(arrest & caution) what do Bowling & Phillips say about why the CPS are likely to drop cases against ethnic minorities?

Answer 13

lack of police evidence - weaker and based on stereotypes

Question 14

(trials) members of ethnic minority groups are more likely to opt for what and why?

Answer 14

crown court jury trial over a magistrates because they think it is more impartial

Question 15

(trials) but what do crown courts do? what does this tell us?

Answer 15

hand out tougher sentences

may explain why ethnic minorities serve longer sentences

Question 16

(convictions) defendants from which ethnic backgrounds are less likely to be found guilty?

Answer 16

black and asian

Question 17

(convictions) in 2006/7 what percentages of whites, blacks and Asian defendants were found guilty?

Answer 17

60% of whites
52% of blacks
44% of asians

Question 18

(convictions) higher percentage of whites being found guilty suggests what?

Answer 18

discrimination in police getting weaker

less serious cases against ethnic minorities are thrown out of court

Question 19

(sentencing) 2006/7 what percentages of custodial sentences were given to blacks, whites and Asians?

Answer 19

blacks - 68%
white - 55%
Asian - 59%

Question 20

(sentencing) which group is most likely to be given custodial sentences?

Answer 20

black offenders

Question 21

(sentencing) which groups are more likely to receive community sentences?

Answer 21

whites and asians

Question 22

Hood studied 5 crown courts and found black men were 5% more likely to receive what? and how much longer were their sentences?

Answer 22

custodial sentence

3 months longer than white men

Question 23

(pre-sentence reports) what are these?

Answer 23

pre written reports by probation officers to help magistrates decide on sentencing

Question 24

(pre-sentence reports) Hudson & Bramhall found PSRs on Asian offenders where what?

Answer 24

less comprehensive

suggestive that the offenders were not remorseful

Question 25

(pre-sentence reports) how did Hudson and Bramhall explain their findings on PSRs of Asian offenders?

Answer 25

the “demonising” of Muslims since 9/11

Question 26

(prison) which minorities are most likely to be serving longer sentences?

Answer 26

blacks and Asians ( up to 4 yrs longer than whites)

Question 27

(prison) what proportion of the male prison population did ethnic minority groups make up in 2007?

Answer 27

over a quarter

Question 28

(prison) which group has the highest proportion of its members in prison in relation to the size of the groups population?

Answer 28

blacks
make up 13% of the prison population
make up 2.6% of the whole uk population

Question 29

similar results are found in the US, how many of those in jail are black?

Answer 29

2 out of 5 offenders

Question 30

similar results are found in the US, how many of those in jail are hispanic?

Answer 30

1 in 5