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A Level Sociology > 2.2 Class inequalities in social mobility > Flashcards

2.2 Class inequalities in social mobility Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is social mobility?

A

movement of individuals up and down the social scale

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2
Q

what is intergenerational mobility?

A

mobility between generations

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3
Q

what is intragenerational mobility?

A

movement between classes of an individual during their working life

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4
Q

what is absolute mobility?

A

measures whether living standards in a society have increased often measured by what percentage of people have higher incomes than their parents.

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5
Q

what is relative mobility?

A

how likely children are to move from their parents’ place in the social hierarchy

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6
Q

what is a closed society? give an example:

A

little social mobility

e.g. Caste system in India

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7
Q

a high degree of social mobility suggests society is what?

A

meritocratic

people can rise out of a social class

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8
Q

research about social mobility tells about the nature of what?

A

class structure

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9
Q

(issues) social mobility studies usually have to use what?

A

occupational scale

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10
Q

(issues) why is it difficult to compare studies measuring mobility?

A

researchers have used different occupational scales

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11
Q

(issues) what do most older studies e.g. Goldthorpe’s into social mobility focus upon?

A

social mobility of men

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12
Q

(issues) there are few studies into the social mobility of who?

A

women

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13
Q

(issues) why is it hard to study the mobility of the very rich and very poor?

A 
very wealthiest not included in occupational scale they often achieve wealth by inheritance
very poor (underclass) excluded
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14
Q

which study did Goldthorpe conduct?

A

the Oxford mobility study 1972

largest study of social mobility in the UK

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15
Q

what did Goldthorpe devise?

A

own occupational scale to compare occupational classes of fathers and sons

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16
Q

Goldthorpe found an increase in upward mobility after WW2, why?

A 
introduction of free secondary education
more middle class jobs e.g. education, NHS, financial services
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17
Q

Goldthorpe found what had not changed?

A

relative mobility - chances of social classes achieving upward mobility had not changed

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18
Q

what is the 1:2:4 rule Goldthorpe talked about?

A

whatever chance a w/c boy had of reaching the service class, a boy in the intermediate class had 2x the chance and a boy in service class had 4x the chance

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19
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) what does saunder’s argue we should focus on?

A

absolute not relative mobility

celebrating the no. of w/c boys achieving service sector jobs

20
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) Saunder’s argues boys of the service class are likely to inherit higher levels of what?

A

intelligence

21
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) if boys in the service class are inheriting higher intelligence what are they more likely to have?

A

better chance of achieving service class jobs

22
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) why do Feminists criticise Goldthorpe?

A

focuses on mobility of men

23
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) Feminists - what does the OMS ignore?

A

importance of women as wage earners

discrimination in the workplace which may affect mobility of women

24
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) Goldthorpe focused on mobility in which class?

A

the service class (25% of workforce)

25
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) if we focus on the richest 5% what do they appear?

A

much more closed

26
Q

(criticisms of Goldthorpe) Marxists point to the importance of what?

A

inheritance and advantages gained from education in top public schools

27
Q

what is the NCDS study?

A

national child development study

28
Q

what did the NCDS study use and do?

A 
longitudinal survey of people born in 1958
to analyse changes to mobility in the 20th century
see what class they reached in 1991
29
Q

NCDS study - what was found to be happening to the working class?

A

contracting

30
Q

NCDS study - what was found to be happening to the service and intermediate classes?

A

expanding

31
Q

NCDS - the service class came from what sort of origins?

A

diverse origins with 40% from w/c backgrounds

32
Q

NCDS - what proportion of the w/c came from w/c backgrounds?

A

3/4

33
Q

Wilkinson and Pickett - countries with highest levels of income inequality have lowest levels of what?

A

social mobility

34
Q

Wilkinson and Pickett - is Britain becoming more or less unequal?

A

more

35
Q

Wilkinson and Pickett - what is found in most European societies?

A

low income inequality

high social mobility

36
Q

Wilkinson and Pickett - the UK is only likely to have higher social mobility if what happens?

A

the government tackles income and wealth inequalities

37
Q

NCDS - what percentage of men born in the w/c remained w/c?

A

55%

38
Q

NCDS - women of the service class were more likely to have what type of mobility?

A

downward

39
Q

Savage- who did Savage track?

A

people in their 30s during the 90s

vs. people in their 30s during the 2000s to compare social mobility

40
Q

Savage - the chances of moving a long way up the social strata increased by how much?

A

20%

41
Q

Savage - the chances of moving from the bottom to the middle increased by how much?

A

31%

42
Q

Savage - the chances of moving from the bottom to the very top increased from 3% to what?

A

6%

43
Q

Savage- those starting at the top were more likely to do what?

A

remain there

44
Q

Savage - those starting at the bottom were more likely to do what?

A

remain there

45
Q

Gov policy and social mobility and child poverty commission criticise the government for what?

A

failing to tackle child poverty

46
Q

what is the London effect?

A

attempt to improve education for the poorest kids in London, now they perform better than average

A Level Sociology (90 decks)

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