1.1. Gender identities

Question 1

gender is socially…

Answer 1

constructed

Question 2

what does gender refer to?

Answer 2

the cultural expectations attached to how males and females are supposed to behave

Question 3

what aspects of a persons identity are strongly influenced by their gender?

Answer 3

roles and status

Question 4

through what process do we learn gender expectations?

Answer 4

gender role socialisation

Question 5

Connell (2002) referred to hegemonic masculinity and femininity ideas what are they?

Answer 5

dominant and traditional set of ideas about how men and women are supposed to behave

Question 6

hegemonic definitions make it difficult for a person to do what?

Answer 6

develop an identity that goes against traditional gender ideas

Question 7

give examples of typical hegemonic masculine characteristics:

Answer 7

strong
brave assertive
confident
rational
non emotional
competitive

Question 8

give examples of typical hegemonic feminine characteristics:

Answer 8

caring
nurturing
talkative
not confident
shy
reserved 
emotional

Question 9

the socio-biological view says gender roles are what?

Answer 9

biologically determined and fixed at birth

Question 10

(socio-biological) what did fox argue history shows about men and women?

Answer 10

men are born to be hunters

women are born to be nurturers

Question 11

(functionalist) Parsons say men and women perform which roles?

Answer 11

men - instrumental roles (achieving a goal, DIY)

women - expressive roles (caring, emotion)

Question 12

Functionalists view men and women’s different roles as what?

Answer 12

natural, inevitable and functional

Question 13

(interactionist) gender identity is socially constructed rather than what?

Answer 13

biologically determined

Question 14

(interactionist) what did Margaret Mead find in the Arapesh tribe, proving gender roles aren’t biologically determined?

Answer 14

both sexes were gentle and submissive

Question 15

(interactionist) what did Margaret Mead find in the Mundugamor tribe, proving gender roles aren’t biologically determined?

Answer 15

both sexes were aggressive, competitive and rough

Question 16

Feminists see gender shaped by what?

Answer 16

patriarchal culture

Question 17

(feminists) gender inequality benefits who? and who have less power, status and wealth?

Answer 17

men

women

Question 18

(feminists) gender expectations are transmitted through what?

Answer 18

gender role socialisation into hegemonic gender roles

Question 19

(feminists) how are men and women encouraged to see themselves?

Answer 19

men - independent, assertive, dominant

women - dependant, submissive

Question 20

family shapes gender identities through gender codes - what are these?

Answer 20

types of language, toys, clothes, activities given to kids

Question 21

what are the 4 ways Oakley says children are socialised into gender roles?

Answer 21

manipulation
canalization
verbal appellation
different activities

Question 22

(Oakley) children are socialised through manipulation, what is this?

Answer 22

behaviour seen as stereotypically acceptable for the child is encouraged other behaviour is discouraged

Question 23

(Oakley) Give an example of manipulation:

Answer 23

girls are discouraged from participating in adventurous activities that get them muddy

Question 24

(Oakley) children are socialised through canalisation what is this?

Answer 24

parents channelling their childs interests into toys that fit the norm for their gender

Question 25

(Oakley) give an example of canalisation:

Answer 25

boys discouraged from playing with dolls are instead given cars

Question 26

(Oakley) children are socialised through verbal appellations, what is this?

Answer 26

giving children nicknames that reinforce gender expectations

Question 27

(Oakley) give an example of verbal appellations:

Answer 27

girls - flower or princess

boys - little man or little soldier

Question 28

(Oakley) children are socialised through different activities what does this involve?

Answer 28

encouraging children to participate in activities around the home that reinforce stereotypes

Question 29

(Oakley) give an example of different activities:

Answer 29

girls help their mother with baking and cleaning

Question 30

other that the family, where else are gender expectations reinforced?

Answer 30

education and the peer group

Question 31

teachers expectations of students are often based upon what?

Answer 31

gender

Question 32

skelton studies gender socialisation in working class primary schools finding what?

Answer 32

male teachers called upon to move equipment
refer to boys as ‘you’
refer to girls as ‘darling’
boys taught to be manly and use acceptable level of violence on football team

Question 33

Reynold Swots found what regarding boys who had developed alternative identities in their last year of primary school?

Answer 33

their studious and academic identities conflicted with hegemonic masculinity
they risked being teased and ridiculed

Question 34

Francis found not all children do what? and why?

Answer 34

take up gender appropriate behaviour
behaviours typical of men and womens roles aren’t fixed
changing norms, gender is only one part of identity

Question 35

what did Hey study?

Answer 35

peer groups among teenage girls

Question 36

what did Hey find female peer groups norms were deeply rooted in?

Answer 36

patriarchy and expectations of how girls should act e.g. girls should care about their appearance

Question 37

Mac and Ghaill (1994) found that boys learnt to do what within peer groups at school?

Answer 37

learnt to be men

Question 38

(Mac and Ghaill) Gender power is based on hyper masculinity which is the main source of what?

Answer 38

identity for macho lads

Question 39

What did Margaret meads study on tribes in papa new guinea show about gender identity?

Answer 39

socially constructed
mundagamor - both masculine
arapesh - both feminine
tchambuli - gender reversal
there would be no variation if it was due to biology