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A Level Sociology > 2.2 Feminists On Gender Inequality > Flashcards

2.2 Feminists On Gender Inequality Flashcards

1
Q

(Waves) what did the first wave of feminism focus upon? (1800-1920)

A

Equality in voting, divorce, education and work

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2
Q

(Waves) what did the second wave of feminism focus upon? (60/70s)

A

Sisterhood
Personal is political
Women’s liberation movement
Rise of radical, liberal and Marxist feminists

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3
Q

(Waves) what did the third wave of feminism focus on?

A

Varying experiences of women in class, ethnicity and sexuality
Individualistic
Rise of black feminism and intersectionality

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4
Q

(Waves) what did the fourth wave of feminism focus on?

A

Online activism
Challenging sexism and discrimination
E.g. Everyday sexism project

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5
Q

(Liberal) gender inequality is due to what?

A

Gender role socialisation

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6
Q

(Liberal) what does Oakley say manipulation and canalisation do?

A

Dressing feminine or giving girls gender appropriate toys e.g. Kitchens
Teaches children the expected norms and values for their sex

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7
Q

(Liberal) what reinforces the gender roles children are taught?

A

Media and advertising

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8
Q

(Liberal) who did sharp study?

A

Girls in London in the 1970s and 1990s

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9
Q

(Liberal) what did sharp find about girls priorities?

A

Changed from marriage and children in the 70s to careers and education in the 90s

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10
Q

(Liberal) what solutions do liberal feminists propose?

A

Change in socialisation

Change in legal policies to enforce equality

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11
Q

(Liberal) liberal feminists have caused what changes in legislation?

A

Equal pay act
Sex discrimination act
Maternity paternity leave

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12
Q

(Liberal) criticism - what does Oakley assume?

A

Children are passive recipients of socialisation

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13
Q

(Liberal) criticism - have all of the legislations worked?

A

No still a pay gap

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14
Q

(Liberal)criticism - what would postmodernists say about gender?

A

Fluid it can change

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15
Q

(Marxist f) what does capitalism need?

A

Housewives

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16
Q

(Marxist f) what are some of the ways capitalism benefits from housewives?

A 
Reproducing next gen of workers
Socialisation
Keep workers going
Safety valve
Reserve army of labour 
Reduce bargaining power
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17
Q

(Marxist f) what role do housewives play in socialisation?

A

Socialise next generation of workers into ruling class ideology to be submissive and obedient

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18
Q

(Marxist f) how do housewives keep workers physically going?

A

Feeding and clothing them

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19
Q

(Marxist f) how do housewives reduce men’s bargaining power?

A

Less likely to strike as they have a family to provide for and support

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20
Q

(Marxist f) what does it mean that housewives are a reserve army of labour?

A

Hired and fired as and when needed

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21
Q

(Marxist f)what does it mean that housewives act as a safety valve?

A

Outlet for workers frustrations rather than men directing their anger at capitalism

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22
Q

(Marxist f) costa and James investigated whether housewife was what?

A

A role or a job

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23
Q

(Marxist f) costa and James accounted the cost of what?

A

Women’s services - cleaner, childcare, therapist

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24
Q

(Marxist f) costa and James say housewives should be what?

A

Paid

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25
Q

(Marxist f) what solutions do Marxist feminists offer?

A

Pay housewives - mean a massive redistribution of wealth

Revolution

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26
Q

(Marxist f) criticism - what do they overemphasise?

A

Class

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27
Q

(Marxist f) criticism - views on traditional housewife role can be seen as what?

A

Outdated

28
Q

(Marxist f) criticism - over reliance on what solution?

A

Revolution

29
Q

(Marxist f) criticism - radical feminists say focus on class detracts from what?

A

Real issue of patriarchy

30
Q

(Marxist f) criticism - postmodernists say what?

A

Class is no longer important

31
Q

(Radical) what is the source of women’s oppression?

A

Patriarchy and the nuclear family

32
Q

(Radical) millet said gender inequality is caused by what?

A

Men’s physical strength

Women childbearing

33
Q

(Radical) millet criticism - but now what do we have?

A

Machinery

Contraception

34
Q

(Radical) Johnson - what is patriarchal terrorism?

A

Men using violence, threats and economic subordination to control women

35
Q

(Radical) WHO - how many women experience domestic violence globally?

A

1/3

36
Q

(Radical) Delphy and Leonard - what plays a major role in the oppression of women?

A

The family

37
Q

(Radical) Delphy and Leonard - what control do men have?

A

Make decisions about allocation of roles

Have control of finances

38
Q

(Radical) Delphy and Leonard - domestic work is seen as the responsibility of who?

A

Women

39
Q

(Radical) what solutions do radical feminists offer?

A

Separatism
Political lesbianism
Abolish nuclear family
Prevent domestic violence and abuse by changing attitudes

40
Q

(Radical) criticism - they overemphasise what?

A

What separates men and women

41
Q

(Radical) criticism - sexist toward who?

A

Men

Not all men are violent

42
Q

(Radical) criticism - ignore what about women?

A

Experiences aren’t all the same

43
Q

(Radical) criticism - their views are what?

A

Outdated

Ignore changes in society

44
Q

(Intersectionality) what does this look at?

A

How gender intersects with ethnicity, class, religion, age to cause inequality

45
Q

(Intersectionality) criticise radicals for ignoring what?

A

Class and ethnicity

46
Q

(Intersectionality) criticise Marxists for focus on what?

A

Class and not other factors

47
Q

(Intersectionality) patriarchy does what?

A

Changes overtime and is different for different women

48
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby said women experience what differently?

A

Patriarchy

49
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby - what are some forms of private patriarchy?

A

Household
Sexuality
Violence against women

50
Q

(Intersectionality) walby - how are women exploited in the household?

A

Expected to take responsibility for housework and childcare

51
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby - how are women exploited in sexuality?

A

Double standard for men and women

Women are condemned

52
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby - what is violence used to do?

A

Control women

53
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby - what are some forms of public patriarchy?

A

Paid work
Cultural institutions
The state

54
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby - how do women experience discrimination in work?

A

Restricted from careers due to ideology a women’s place is in the home

55
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby - how does the state affect women?

A

Operated in the interest of men

Weakness of laws protecting women

56
Q

(Intersectionality) Walby - how do cultural institutions affect women?

A

Media reinforces patriarchal ideology representing women in a narrow range of roles

57
Q

(Intersectionality) criticism - stacey says it overemphasises influence of what?

A

Social structure on experience of women

58
Q

(Intersectionality) what does intersectionality improve on?

A

Other feminist perspectives

Incorporates social change and different aspects of each

59
Q

(Criticism) Hakim preference theory - women are not the victims of what?

A

Unfair employment practices

60
Q

(Criticism) Hakim preference theory - women have 3 what?

A

Choices or preferences

61
Q

(Criticism) Hakim preference theory - what is the home centred choice and how many women choose it?

A

Family is main priority, choose not to work

20%

62
Q

(Criticism) Hakim preference theory - what is the adaptive choice and how many women choose it?

A

Women combine work and childcare

60%

63
Q

(Criticism) Hakim preference theory - what is the work centred choice and how many women choose it?

A

Focus on work and career

20%

64
Q

(Criticism) Hakim preference theory CRITICISM - ignores importance of what?

A

Patriarchy

65
Q

(Criticism) Hakim preference theory CRITICISM - or is often employers attitudes that do what?

A

Confine women to the secondary labour market

A Level Sociology (90 decks)

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