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A Level Sociology > 1.1 Agencies Of Socialisation > Flashcards

1.1 Agencies Of Socialisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the family the main agency of?

A

Primary socialisation

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2
Q

Why is a sense of security during early childhood essential?

A

• to develop a stable personality and learn norms and values

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3
Q

How does the family transmit culture?

A 
Through:
• manipulation
• language
• activities 
• role models
• social control
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4
Q

How does the family transmit culture through manipulation?

A

Parents encourage certain behaviours and discourage others

e.g encourage daughters to pay attention to their appearance and boys to support football (gender roles)

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5
Q

How does the family transmit culture through language?

A
  • through verbal appellations (Oakley) for example girls are called princess and boys called little soldiers
  • labels teach children of societies expectations
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6
Q

How does family transmit culture through activities?

A

• children are provided with toys through which they learn about wider culture

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7
Q

How does family transmit culture through role models?

A

• children imitate their parents, they learn from their parents and other adults what social roles are expected of them

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8
Q

How does the family transmit the culture of society through social control?

A
  • Parents use positive sanctions (e.g pocket money) as rewards for appropriate behaviour
  • they use negative sanctions (e.g. Grounded) to discourage inappropriate behaviour
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9
Q

How do functionalist a view children and what is the family’s responsibly?

A
  • children are empty vessels

* a parents role is to mould and train the child to become an acceptable member of society

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10
Q

What did parsons (functionalist) say about gender roles in the family?

A
  • it is functional for women to take responsibility for childcare, and for men to be the breadwinners
  • socialisation involves learning gender roles - women are expressive, men are instrumental
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11
Q

What are the new right concerned about with regard to the family and why?

A
  • functions lists are concerned about the increase of one parent families
  • if the family breaks down it can’t provide adequate socialisation
  • without a male role model children may underachieve and behave antisocially
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12
Q

Within education what do children learn to do?

A

Adapt to a new set of norms and values

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13
Q

In education, through what does socialisation take place?

A

Through the formal and hidden curriculum

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14
Q

What is the formal curriculum? And how does it pass on culture?

A
  • the written curriculum

* subjects such as English literature and history pass on aspects of culture and contain wider values

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15
Q

What is the hidden curriculum and how does it socialise pupils?

A
  • unwritten curriculum
  • consists of rules, regulations and routines and interactions in school life that socialise pupils into aspects of culture
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16
Q

What values do the hidden curriculums teach?

A
  • rules, detentions and awards teach conformity to societies laws
  • value of competition taught through competitive sports
  • grading ability teaches the value of meritocracy
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17
Q

What are the agencies of socialisation?

A
  • family
  • education
  • the peer group
  • religion
  • the workplace
  • the media
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18
Q

How does education transmit culture?

A
  • manipulation
  • canalisation
  • role models
  • imitation
  • social control
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19
Q

How does education transmit culture through manipulation?

A

Teachers encourage appropriate behaviour (completing homework)

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20
Q

How does education transmit culture through canalisation?

A

Through activities, for example boys are encouraged to play football at break times

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21
Q

How does education transmit culture through role models?

A
  • Teachers act as role models, as well as head boys/girls and prefects
  • lessons teach of historical role models (e.g. Churchill and nightingale)
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22
Q

How does education transmit culture through social control?

A 
Positive sanctions (awards, praise)
Negative sanctions (detentions, reports)
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23
Q

How does education transmit culture through imitation?

A

Children are keen to fit in so they copy this behaviour of their peers

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24
Q

What is the functionalist view of education as a agency of socialisation?

A

Education functions to transmit shared values that lead to conformity and consensus

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25
Q

What was parsons (functionalist) view of education?

A

Education is a bridge between family and society

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26
Q

What did Durkheim (functionalist) say about education with regard to social beings?

A

Education teaches children that they are social beings, that is, part of a wider society through subjects such as history and English

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27
Q

What is the Marxist view of education as an agency of socialisation?

A
  • education is dominated by the hidden curriculum

- encourages children to accept inequality and conformity, preparing them for working class jobs

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28
Q

What did bowles and Gintis say about education as an agency of socialisation?

A

Through education children learn to accept authority and are taught to be submissive and obedient, preparing them for the exploitation of the working world

29
Q

functionalists believe education is meritocratic what does this mean?

A

achievement is based on ability and effort, everyone has an equal chance of success

30
Q

do Marxists believe in meritocracy?

A

no
they believe meritocracy is a myth
chances are largely shaped by your class background

31
Q

what did Willis show to criticise Marxism?

A

pupils can successfully resist the hidden curriculum

not all pupils become model students demonstrated by exclusions and disruption

32
Q

what is a peer group?

A

a friendship group formed by people of roughly the same age and social position
seen as the most important agency during adolescence

33
Q

what did Gerald Handel (interactionist) say the peer group helps children to do?

A 
function more independently 
acquire skills and beliefs of their generation
34
Q

peer group socialisation can lead to socialisation conflict what does this mean?

A

the demands of the peer group contradicting the rules of parents

35
Q

how does the peer group transmit culture through activities? how does this impact gender socialisation?

A

children learn rules of games from peer groups

skelton - playground space dominated by boys playing football, girls are found on the side skipping or talking

36
Q

how does the peer group transmit culture through resistance and rebellion?

A

youths question and test rules

youth subcultures e.g. punks based on rebellion and resistance

37
Q

how does the peer group transmit culture of society through peer group pressure?

A

peers pressure individuals to imitate group behaviour

people want to be accepted so they conform

38
Q

is peer group pressure a good or bad thing?

A

both
good - clever, hard working friends pressure to be a good student
bad - criminal friends who smoke/do drugs

39
Q

how does the peer group transmit the culture of society through hierarchy?

A

peer groups can have a mix of individuals, some act as leaders with higher status who become role models to everyone else

40
Q

what are peer groups usually based around?

A

similar interests and social group

41
Q

what did sewell mean by the term cultural comfort zones?

A

peer groups tend to consist of people from similar backgrounds e.g. ethnicity

42
Q

do interactionists believe socialisation is a passive process? explain.

A

no
there are multiple agencies of socialisation
in the peer group children socialise each other

43
Q

in the workplace what do people have to be socialised into?

A

the skills, norms and values attached to their job e.g. obeying the boss

44
Q

through what processes are individuals socialised in the workplace?

A

imitation, role models, peer pressure, social control

45
Q

what is anticipatory socialisation?

A

rehearsing a job role before taking it on e.g. imagining, reading about it, observing others in that role

46
Q

what is re socialisation?

A

learning new norms and values as our jobs change because organisations vary in styles and traditions

47
Q

what are some agencies of socialisation in the workplace?

A

bosses
colleagues
customers

48
Q

what is formal socialisation?

A

management socialising employees:

workplace training, uniform, rules

49
Q

what is informal socialisation?

A

peer groups at work - introduce workers to informal culture of the workplace, learned through imitation and observation

50
Q

what did Waddington find when studying informal socialisation in the police?

A

canteen culture

off duty time spent telling stories, picking up tips

51
Q

how does the canteen culture in the police help deal with their stressful job?

A

boosts occupational self esteem - heroic identity
reinforces sense of mission
celebrates values in police work

52
Q

Marxists argue workers are socialised in a way that contributes to their…

A

…continued exploitation at work

53
Q

what did Ritzer (Marxist) argue about Mcjobs?

A

unskilled, low paid, part time jobs turn workers into robots, everything they do and say is controlled by management

54
Q

what did Berger argue about religion in traditional societies?

A

provides a universe of meaning
provides explanation for their experiences
sense of unity - everyone socialised into same beliefs

55
Q

what did Berger say about religion in modern industrial multicultural societies?

A

no longer a single religious belief system

religion is less convincing and uniting

56
Q

religion can influence people by socialising people into what?

A

a set of moral values e.g. the 10 commandments form the basis of many laws in the UK

57
Q

give an example of how religion influences people through rituals and ceremonies?

A

marriages and christenings bring people together and remind them of shared values

58
Q

what do most religions have?

A

a figure of authority to act as a role model e.g the pope

59
Q

what sort of group is religion especially important to?

A

ethnic minority groups as a source of identity

60
Q

what percentage of young Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, did Modood find agreed that religion is very important to how they lived their life?

A

67%

61
Q

What did Ghuman say mosque’s are the centre of and how do they exert pressure on Muslims?

A

centre of religious, educational and political activities

exert pressure on the way Muslim parents raise their children

62
Q

how did Ghuman say religion (Islam) influences gender identity?

A

some Muslim women socialised into wearing the Hijab

63
Q

what did Durkheim argue the main role of religion was? (functionalism)

A

socialising societies members into value consensus by making key values sacred
to bring people together in shared rituals

64
Q

what do these key values Durkheim says religion socialises us into become? (functionalism)

A

strong moral codes e.g. 10 commandments, part of formal social control (laws - do not kill), and informal social control (disapproval of adultery)

65
Q

what percentage of young whites did Modood find agreed religion is very important to how they lived their life?

A

5%

66
Q

What ideology do Marxist say religion is part of? what does this ideology do?

A 
ruling class ideology
disguises exploitation
67
Q

Marx claimed ‘religion is the opium of the masses’ what did he mean by this?

A

dulls the pain of oppression by promising eternal life to those who accept suffering now

68
Q

why is religion declining as a source of socialisation?

A

increasingly secular society

69
Q

rather than being a source of unity what is religion becoming in multicultural society?

A

a source of conflict

A Level Sociology (90 decks)

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