1.2 Demography - Reasons for decline in birth rate & fertility

Question 1

Declining mortality - in 1902 what percentage of all deaths were babies under 1?

Answer 1

25%

Question 2

Declining mortality - in 2005 what percentage of all deaths were babies under 1?

Answer 2

Less than 1%

Question 3

Declining mortality - families no longer need large numbers of children to ensure what?

Answer 3

They survive adulthood

Question 4

Economic factors - in the C19th children were views as what by working class parents?

Answer 4

Economic assets - they could bring in money and support parents in old age

Question 5

Economic factors - children have now become a financial burden to parents, why?

Answer 5

Children dependent on parents to school leaving age

More young people going to uni

Question 6

Economic factors - what proportion of parents delay having a child due to cuts in benefits and increased cost of having children?

Answer 6

1/5

Question 7

Individualisation - individuals seeks a life in which they can do what?

Answer 7

Construct their own lifestyle and relationship

Question 8

Individualisation - people are no longer tied to the social norms that you should do what at a certain point?

Answer 8

Marry and have kids

Question 9

Individualisation - women now choose careers over what?

Answer 9

Settling down and having children

Question 10

Individualisation - children and marriage are seen as a risk - who would talk about this?

Answer 10

Beck and beck gurnshiem - risk society

Question 11

Contraception and abortion - people have the opportunity to do what?

Answer 11

Control and plan the number of children they have

Question 12

Changing attitudes - from the 1870s in the middle and working class small families were viewed as what?

Answer 12

Way to control living standards

Question 13

Changing attitudes - since the 20th century small families have become what?

Answer 13

A norm

Question 14

Changing attitudes - in the past being childless was viewed as unfortunate but now it is viewed as what?

Answer 14

A lifestyle option

Question 15

Women’s opportunities- in the last century there has been massive expansion in what?

Answer 15

Women’s opportunities in education and employment

Question 16

Women’s opportunities- women can delay having a family until what?

Answer 16

They have completed education and established a career

Question 17

Women’s opportunities- as women can hold off on having children they are likely to have what?

Answer 17

Fewer children