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A Master 3.0 > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

What year was the Guyot system created?

A

1860

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2
Q

In Bordeaux, Copper in organic vineyards is this limit: (EU2018)

A

4kg/ha per year

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3
Q

Peronospera (downy) and Oidium (powdery) mildew are native here:

A

North America

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4
Q

Botrytis requires this temperature and a dry condition so fruit remains intact and secondary infection by acetobacter does not occur

A

Dry condition: 65-75 degrees F

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5
Q

Fungal diseases

A

Esca (black measels), botrosphoeria, Eutypa Dieback, oidium (powdery mildew) peronospera (downy mildew),
blackrot, bunchrot

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6
Q

pierces disease is caused by this bacteria

A

xylella fastidiosa (prevents water transport) causes matchsticking

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7
Q

In What countries is Bacterial Blight common?

A

South Africa, Southern Europe, Argentina, Australia

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8
Q

Phylloxera’s full name

A

Phylloxera Vastatrix

“The devastator”

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9
Q

Dagger Nematode (xiphinema index) is a vector for this viral disease

A

fanleaf virus

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10
Q

High yielding varieties

A

Chenin blanc, Carignan, Grenache, Valdigué

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11
Q

Why would you mulch or crimp

A

discourage weeds from growing

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12
Q

What is NDVI

A

Monitors vine vigor based on color of canopy from aerial drone, for deficit irrigation

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13
Q

What is cane cracking

A

When Canes are bent into an arch to promote vigor (nebbiolo/riesling)

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14
Q

Esca is what?

A

Fungal disease

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15
Q

Guyot-Poussard training is this:

A

Described by Eugene Poussard/Charles guyot in 1860’s Be conscious of scar tissue where you cut to avoid fungal disease. With respect to sap flow, not near the head.

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16
Q

Millerandage is this:

A

When berries contain a different number of seeds, resulting in different berry sizes. (Nutrient deficiency/disease)

Wente and Gingin clone are prone to it

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17
Q

Couloure is this

A

Shatter

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18
Q

These grapes are teinturiers

A

Colorino, Saperavi, Gamay de Chaudenay, Alicante Bouschet, Chambourcin, Gamay de Bouze, Gamay Fréaux,

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19
Q

What is Apical dominance?

A

Main, central stem of plant is dominant over side stems. In viticulture it means buds are located further from the ground

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20
Q

What is phrenology?

A

vines reoccuring patterns of growth and development throughout the year

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21
Q

In the southern hemisphere, when is budbreak?

A

September or October

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22
Q

When is harvest in the Southern Hemisphere?

A

February-May

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23
Q

Scott Henry and Smart-Dyson are used primarily in these regions?

A

New world, high vigor

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24
Q

What is Te Kauwhata two tier?

A

Vertically divided training and trellising in New Zealand

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25
Q

What is an example of cane pruning?

A

Guyot

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26
Q

What is the advantage of cane pruning?

A

Less permanent wood, fewer reserves. Less vigorous, better for high density planting. Less pruning cuts than spur pruned, and less prone to fungal disease

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27
Q

Vine density range in viticulture is this

A

500-6,000 vines per acre (average)

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28
Q

European vine density

A

4000 vines per acre

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29
Q

New world vine density

A

1500 vines per acre

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30
Q

These regions are susceptible to hail

A

Loire Valley, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Piedmont, Mendoza

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31
Q

Drought resistant rootstock?

A

St. George, 110R, 140R

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32
Q

These regions now permit irrigation

A

Bordeaux, Burgundy, Barolo, Barbaresco, Montalcino

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33
Q

Kimmeridgian soils accumulated during this period

A

Jurassic

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34
Q

What is Humus?

A

Nutrient dense, organic material that holds water in top soil, reduces erosion

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35
Q

Vineyards above the inversion layer tend to see this

A

Smaller diurnal shifts

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36
Q

This Atlantic current warms most of Northern Europe

A

Gulf Stream

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37
Q

What is Koppen-Geiger

A

One of the most widely used classification groups. Climates are divided into five groups, with each group being divided on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are A: tropical, B: dry, C: temperate, D: continental, E: polar

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38
Q

Winkler scale growing days

A

April 1 to October 31

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39
Q

Calculating the Winkler scale

A

Average daily temp minus 50 degrees fareignheit from every day and summing it

1a, 1b, II, III, IV, V

coolest———>warmest

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40
Q

Mediteranean Climates

A

Barossa, Tuscany, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Fleurieu, Napa Valley

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41
Q

Loire, Alsace, Champagne and Austria belong to these climate zones

A

A and B, permitted to enrich wine by 3% and deacidify, not acidify

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42
Q

Portugal, Southern Spain, Southern Italy and Greece belong to this zone

A

Zone CIIIb, can acidify, not deacidify

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43
Q

What is TDN?

A

1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2 dihydronapthalene

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44
Q

What is a hoyo?

A

in Lanzarote, a pit dug up to protect vines from wind

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45
Q

Soil Ph range is this

A

3-10

acidic——–>basic

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46
Q

acidic soils have this ph

A

6.5 or below

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47
Q

neutral soils are this Ph

A

6.5 to 8

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48
Q

alkaline soils are this Ph

A

over 8

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49
Q

St George rootstock is called this

A

Rupestris du Lot

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50
Q

Examples of continental climates

A

Burgundy, Wachau, Mendoza

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51
Q

Maritime climate examples

A

Bordeaux, Hawkes Bay, Willamette valley

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52
Q

This rootstock is resistant to lime (high Ph, basic soil)

A

Vitis berlandieri

Native to Texas… used to cross with vinifera, riparia, rupestris

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53
Q

Agricultural soils become acidic or basic over time?

A

Acidic

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54
Q

Best soil for growth?

A

neutral Ph (6.5-8)

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55
Q

acidic soil might induce this

A

aluminum toxicity

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56
Q

these soils are basic (8.5 and above)

A

limestone, chalk, tufa, marlstone, marble

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57
Q

these soils are acidic (ph below 6.5)

A

Mosel slate, Basalt, sandstone, shale, slatee, schist

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58
Q

What is CEC?

A

Carbon exchange capacity. Describes how soil particles surface area allow nutrient content to become available for the vine

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59
Q

This rootstock is salt tolerant

A

Ramey

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60
Q

What is NPK?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium

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61
Q

What is Massale selection?

A

cuttings are taken from numerous vines throughout a vineyard that may have undergone small mutations. Promotes genetic diversity, disease resistance and complexity

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62
Q

What is a cambium

A

Layer of cellls between xylem and phloem for grafting and matchup

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63
Q

What is bench grafting?

A

Two dormant cuttings grafted together at the nursery

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64
Q

Two vitus lambrusca varieties (not vinifera)

A

Catabwa, Concord

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65
Q

French term for pruning

A

taille (when excess wood removed from dominant vine, leaving only buds that will produce shoots)

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66
Q

Term for uneven fruit set

A

couliure: occurs when a significant number of berries do not set after flowering. Caused by cold weather and nutrient deficiency, creates “live green ovaries”

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67
Q

What is vendange?

A

The grape harvest in French

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68
Q

Example of phytoplasmic disease?

A

flavesence dorae

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69
Q

Main macronutrients vines need

A

magnesium, sulfur, phosphorous, nitrogen, calcium

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70
Q

Forest in france famous for French oak barrels

A

Limousin/Troncet

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71
Q

When does vine death occur?

A

0 degrees fareignheit

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72
Q

Smudge pots are used for this

A

In Burgundy they warm vines and prevent freezing, with burning material surrounding vines

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73
Q

Hugelin index is based on latitude, similar to this

A

Winkler scale

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74
Q

What is the Ravaz index?
What is considered Balanced?

A

Yield to pruning weight ratio

Ratios of 4 to 10 are considered balanced

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75
Q

Calculating the winkler scale

A

Degree days calculated by multiplying days in each month of growing season (April 1- Oct 31) by the mean number of degrees over 50 degrees F for that month. Month totals added together to arrive at heat summation.

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76
Q

How long after budbreak is flowering?

A

six to thirteen weeks

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77
Q

What are embryo bunches?

A

small green clusters forming mid april before flowering

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78
Q

How long does it take for flowers to bloom?

A

About 10 days

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79
Q

What is bushvine in spain?

A

En Vaso

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80
Q

Names for pergola

A

Tendone (Italy)
Enforcado (Portugal)
Latada (Spain)
Parron (South America)

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81
Q

What is Eutypa Dieback

A

Dead arm disease, D’Arenberg makes Dead Arm Shiraz, caused by fungus

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82
Q

Name for bushvine in Italy

A

Albarello

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83
Q

These factors affect vine developmeent

A

heat, light, water, wind

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84
Q

Where are chestnut barrels used?

A

Valpolicella, Veneto

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85
Q

How much does a new French oak barrel cost?

A

800-3600 dollars

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86
Q

How much does an American barrel cost

A

500 USD

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87
Q

Baumés scale measures this

A

density in wine, in France

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88
Q

what is matchsticking?

A

In Pierces disease, caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, spread by sharpshooters

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89
Q

These three diseases were brought to US from Europe

A

phylloxera, oidium, downy mildew (Peronospera)

Perinospera is called by plasmicora viticola causes downy mildew

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90
Q

What is égrapage?

A

destemming

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91
Q

How many hours of sunshine are required for ripening vitis vinifera

A

1250 hours.

Hybrid varieties require less

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92
Q

Main types of soil in general:

A

Limestone: Chablis, Champagne
Loam: Barossa
Sandy: Chianti Classico, Barolo
Alluvial: Napa
Clay: Pomerol
Silt: Austria, Washington
Volcanic: Sicily, Santorini

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93
Q

What is double guyot?

A

Head trained, cane pruned

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94
Q

What is the chapeau?

A

The Cap (punchdowns)

95
Q

What are the five steps in the grape ripening process

A 
Budbreak (March-April)
Flowering (May)
Fruit Set/shatter (June)
Verasion (Aug)
Harvest (Vendange) August and November
96
Q

What defines certified organic?

A

No synthetic chemicals or GMOs (copper/sulfur okay)
110PPM for red
150PPM for white
Organic additives (fining agents)

97
Q

What is goblet training?

A

Head trained, spur pruned.

En Vaso spain
Albarello Italy

98
Q

What is soutirage

A

Term for racking

99
Q

This trellising system can be used for spur and cane pruning

A

VSP Vertical Shoot Positioning

100
Q

At what temperature does cold stabilization occur?

A

25 degrees fareignheit

Causes tartrate crystals to precipitate out of the wine

101
Q

Carbonic maceration

A

whole cluster, CO2 rich environment, no yeast, no skin contact

102
Q

What temperature is needed for a vine

A

50-68 degrees fareignheit, 57 is ideal for ripening.

White: 66 degrees fareignheit
Red: 70 degrees fareignheit

103
Q

What are polyphenols?

A
  1. tannins
  2. anthocyanins

found in:

  1. skins/stems
  2. inner layer of grape
104
Q

fining agents (collage in French)

A 
Bentonite clay
Egg whites
ox blood
Gelatine
Eisinglass
105
Q

Examples of bacterial diseases

A

Pierces disease (xyllela fastidiosa bacteria)
Crown Gall
Bacterial Blight

106
Q

What is micro ox?

A

Adding oxygen to wine in tank

called microbullage

107
Q

What is the preferred wine yeast

A

saccharomyces-cerevisae

108
Q

What is cryo-extraction

A

freezing water to remove it

109
Q

What is concentrating the must?

A

Removal of water

110
Q

What is debourbage?

A

settling of young wine post fermentation

111
Q

What is centrifuge

A

Rapid clarification to separate solids and liquids

112
Q

How much water is required for a productive vine?

A

20-30 inches annual rainfall

113
Q

At what temperature will yeast die?

A

Above 113 degrees F

114
Q

At what risk do you run with hot fermentation, over 95F?

A

Stuck fermentation

115
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

Filter water out under high pressure

116
Q

What is Hyper-Ox?

A

Short bursts of oxygen given to must during clarification (without SO2) for longer shelf life

117
Q

Training methods:

118
Q

Fungus of Oidium (Powdery Mildew)

A

Uncinula necator

119
Q

Eutypa Dieback is caused by this fungus

A

Eutypa lata fungus

120
Q

Black rot is caused by this fungus

A

Guignardia bidwelli fungus

121
Q

Bunch rot is also known as this in its malevolent form:

A

Grey Rot (caused by Botrytis cinerea)

122
Q

Crown Gall is also known as this

A

Black Knot

The Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium causes it

123
Q

Bacterial Blight is caused by this bacterium

A

Xanthomonas ampelina bacterium

124
Q

Vitis vinifera was domesticated from this wild grapvine

A

vitis sylvestris (Native to Europe and Western Asia)

125
Q

What are lianas?

A

A species of plant like a grapevine, that needs structural support, craves sunshine

126
Q

Wild vines are dioecious:

A

Male and female plants exist, rely on bees and wind for pollination

127
Q

Cordons are horizontal extensions of this

128
Q

Carignan is known for producing this many clusters per shoot

A

three (typically two)

129
Q

What are infloresences?

A

flower clusters on each fruitful shoot at the beginning of the season

130
Q

What is the Rachis?

A

the stem of the grape flower cluster

131
Q

What is the bloom

A

The waxy coating that covers the grape: protects the fruit from disease, prevents berry dehydration and collects yeast and microbes for fermentation

132
Q

What is the xylem and the phloem?

A

xylem: carries water and nutrients from the roots

phloem: carries sugar from the leaves throughout the plant

133
Q

Vitis has _ chromosomes (vinifera)
Muscadinia has _ chromosomes

A

38 (vitis)

40 (muscadinia)

134
Q
A

Grape family tree

135
Q

Alicante Bouchet is a crossing of these two grapes

A

Petit Bouchet
Grenache

136
Q

Vinifiera grape varieties are organized into three proles:

A

**Proles pontica **(Aegean and black seas: Zinfandel, Furmint, Vermentino, jagged leaf blades)
Proles occedentalis (Western Europe: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, pinot Noir, Riesling, convex leaves, small compact bunches)
**Proles Orientalis: **Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan: large leaves, bunches, berries with an oval shape. Muscat, Cinsault and most table grapes.

137
Q

Why was the Gingin clone of Australia known for low yields?

A

It was confirmed to have leaf roll virus

138
Q

When clonal selections are propagated in a nursery, how are viruses treated?

A

Heat treated

139
Q

Gewurztraminer is a mutation of this grape

A

Savagnin Blanc

140
Q

In the early 1800s, vinifera was interbred with these Native american grape species, resulting in varieties like Clinton, Concord, Catabwa, Delaware, Herbemont, Isabella, Niagara, Noah and Norton

A

Vitis labrusca
vitis aestivalis

141
Q

French hybrids planted after phylloxera

A

Baco Noir and Blanc
Chambourcin
Chancellor
Couderc Noir
Plantet
Villard Noir and Blanc
Seibel
Seyval Blanc

142
Q

These hybrid grapes are permitted by the EU for PDO wines

A

Regent
Rondo (Germany)

143
Q

Common hybrids of the Americas (for winter freeze)

A

Vidal Blanc
Vignoles
Chambourcin
Seyval Blanc
Maréchal Foch
Cayuga White
Chardonel
Frontenac
Traminette

144
Q

What is Japan’s signature grape

A

Koshu

Vinifera dominant hybrid crossed with East Asian species Vitis davidii

145
Q

American rootstocks

A

Vitis Riparia
Vitis Rupestris
Vitis Berlandieri
Vitis Champinii
Muscadinia Rotundifolia
Vitis Solonis

146
Q

Vitis Riparia is native to riparian (river environments). This is a pure Riparian rootstock

A

Riparia Gloire

147
Q

St George is this rootstock

A

Pure Vitis Rupestris

148
Q

What is continentality

A

The difference between summer and winter temperatures. Continental climates have wide temperature swings throughout the year

149
Q

How many leaves are required to ripen a cluster

150
Q

In latitudes closer to 30, vines dont experience this:

A

A dormant season

151
Q

For every 300 foot gain in elevation, temperature decreases roughly this much

A

1 degree fahrenheit

152
Q

For every 1000 ft increase, there is a _ % in sun exposure

153
Q

Mitigating frost:

A

Site selection
Air Circulation
Sprinklers
Fans or Helicopters (disrupt inversion layer)
Heat (smudge pots or small heaters)
Pruning Methods: pre pruning vines where spurs are left long or late pruned. Sacrificial buds push early in the season

154
Q

What are some drought resistant rootstocks

A

St. George
110R
140R

155
Q

Examples of Metamorphic rock soils

A

slate
schist
gneiss
(have been subjected to heat and pressure)

156
Q

what is colluvial soil

A

Transported by erosion and gravity

157
Q

What is till?

A

Rocks and soils deposited by glaciers

158
Q

Five factors of soil formation

A

Parent material
Climate
Topography
Organisms
Time

159
Q

How many years does it take to form an inch of topsoil?

160
Q

What is the name for a layer of sediment in soil

A

A horizon

(topsoil is Horizon A, for example)
Horizon B is subsoil
Horizon C is Substratum, friable rock, no roots

161
Q

Shallow soils are not easy to dry farm: true or false

A

True. In the absence of a hardpan, roots dig deep

162
Q

What is ripping

A

When an impenetrable layer such as hardpan limits the rooting depth, soil may be ripped prior to planting

163
Q

What is capillary action

A

Attraction of water molecules to eachother and other substances

164
Q

These parasites are fond of sandy soils

A

parasitic nematodes (not phyloxerra)

165
Q

This soil is ideal for vineyards

A

Loam
combination of particle sizes
sand, silt, clay

166
Q

Calcareous soil is strongly this Ph

A

ALKALINE

Slate is Acidic

167
Q

Soils lower than this pH are unsuitable for farming

168
Q

High pH soils (quality for winegrowing) are above this

169
Q

soil particles have this charge

170
Q

In acidic soils, protons or neutrons take up too much space on the CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity)

171
Q

Acidic soil induces phosphate density where alkaline soils induce this deficiency

172
Q

Most rootstocks are not well adapted to this pH

A

HIGH

Vitis Berlandieri is lime tolerant

173
Q

Why would a farmer add calcium hydroxide to soil

A

“liming” to neutralize acidic soil

174
Q

What is sodicy

A

considers the amount of sodium in the soil only

175
Q

Which regions struggle with salt content in water and need Ramey stock

A

California Central coast
Mexico Baja
South and Western Australia

176
Q

What is Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic associations of fungi and plant roots

177
Q

How many essential nutrients do vines need for healthy function

178
Q

Nutrients and how they affect vinifera

179
Q

Potassium deficiency in vines can lead to this:

A

Elevated levels of acidity in fruit
low yield
uneven ripening

180
Q

What is chlorosis

A

yellowing of leaves along leaf veins caused by nitrogen and iron deficiency

181
Q

This can cause reddening of leaves

A

phosphorous and potassium deficiency, accumulation of anthocyanin

182
Q

What is a foliar spray

A

Fine nutrient mist sprayed onto canopy

183
Q

What is green manure

A

Incorporation of cover crops into the canopy

184
Q

What does Bacchus Amat Colles mean

A

Bacchus loves the hills

185
Q

What is grafting?

A

Fusing of plant tissues to two different species
Vinifera scion to non-vinifera rootstock

186
Q

Recently this exposure type has become popular in warmer regions

A

Northeast-Southwest

187
Q

What is J rooting (common cause of young vine decline)

A

vines are placed in holes with roots bent upward.

188
Q

I acre produces this much wine

A

100-700 cases

189
Q

1,000 vines per acre= this many vines per hectare

190
Q

1 ton per acre= this many hl/ha of vine

191
Q

Spur pruning is not appropriate for buds that have low fertility close to the cordon, such as these varietals

A

Nebbiolo
carmenere

(spur pruning can reduce their yields)

192
Q

What is a baguette in viticulture

A

The new fruiting cane that is laid down every growing season in cane pruning.

193
Q

What is a kicker cane

A

Sacrificial cane left on spur prune vines to devigorate the vine or avoid frost risk

194
Q

Cane pruned vines are higher or lower vigor

A

lower vigor

195
Q

Cane pruned vines are prone to apical dominance: T/F

196
Q

Head trained systems in california are often used in large bunched varietals prone to this:

A

Rot

Zinfandel and Petite Sirah

197
Q

What is Sylvoz training

A

high yielding varieties and sites
cordon trained and cane pruned
many fruiting shoots

198
Q

Taille Chablis and Valée de la Marne training are low or high yielding?

A

High yielding, reduce frost damage risk

199
Q

General rule of viticulture: height of canopy should not exceed this width

A

The width of the row

200
Q

Vinifera grows vertically and will devigorate if trained downward: hybrid grapes prefer this growth

201
Q

Example of two wire trellising

A

California Sprawl

202
Q

Examples of Divided Canopy Systems

A

Lyre (similar to VSP)
Wye (Similar to California Sprawl)
Geneva Double Curtain (similar to highwire system)

203
Q

quadrilateral cane pruning

A

Scott Henry
Two up, two down

204
Q

Grapes most prone to Coulure

A

Merlot
Grenache

205
Q

What is topping

A

A specific form of hedging where shoots are cut at the top to keep them from growing taller, as they won’t stop and lack a terminal bud

206
Q

High yielding varieites

A

Carignan
Valdigué
Grenache
Chenin Blanc

207
Q

What is tillage

A

the turning over of the first 6-10 inches of soil

208
Q

This cover crop is naturally competitive to weeds

A

crimson clover

(this and fava add nitrogen to soil as well)

209
Q

What are anti nematode (xiphinema index, dagger nematode) measures

A

Using Mustard and 039-16 rootstock

210
Q

This bug vectors leafroll virus

211
Q

In what year was powdery mildew first described in the US

A

1834

ravaged Europe 10 years later

212
Q

What fungus causes Oidium (powdery mildew

A

Erysiphe necator (uncinula necator)

213
Q

Two organic biological fungicides

A

Sonata
Serenade

214
Q

These grape varieties are more susceptible than others to powdery mildew

A

Cabernet Sauvignon
Carignan
Chardonnay

215
Q

What causes Downy Mildew (peronospera)

A

Plasmopara viticola

216
Q

Downy mildew only spreads through this medium

217
Q

Full name for Botrytis

A

Botrytis Cinerea

218
Q

Ideal temp for botrytis (and all mold) to spread

A

65-75 degrees F

219
Q

Botryospehaeria is this kind of disease

A

trunk, like esca and eutypa dieback

220
Q

What causes Euytypa Dieback

A

Eutypa Lata (fungal)

221
Q

Crown gall is called by this bacteria

A

allorhizobium Vitus
Most common disease, spreads through cuts in grafting

222
Q

Bacterial blight is caused by this

A

Xanthomonas ampelina
Kills young shoots

223
Q

What year was the viral disease “red blotch” discovered in California

224
Q

Organic certification organizations

A

USDA
Bioagricert
Agriculture Biologique
Australian Certified Organic

225
Q

What year did Austrian Rudolf Steiner introduce Biodynamics in a series of lectures?

226
Q

How many biodynamic preparations are there

227
Q

Who is Maria Thun?

A

developed the biodynamic calendar in 1962

228
Q

Biodyn and respekt-BIODYN are what

A

small regional appellations for biodynamic certification outside of Demeter

229
Q

The Rodale Institute and the Weston A Price Foundation promote this

A

Regenerative Agriculture

230
Q

Mimi Casteel of Hope Well vineyard in Willamette valley is a leading voice for this

A

Regenerative Agriculture

231
Q

What is the Porto Protocol?

A

Formed in 2019. Global initiative that encourages growers to adopt practices that combat climate change

232
Q

What is IPM

A

Integrated pest management
uses sexual confusion, habitat manipulation, exploiting predator-prey

233
Q

Mitigating frost:

A

Site selection
Air Circulation
Sprinklers
Fans or Helicopters (disrupt inversion layer)
Heat (smudge pots or small heaters)
Pruning Methods: pre pruning vines where spurs are left long or late pruned. Sacrificial buds push early in the season

A Master 3.0 (225 decks)

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