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Human Form & Function > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

layers of the eye

A

fibrous
vascular
inner (neural/retinal)

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3
Q

fibrous layer contains the…

A

cornea
sclera

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4
Q

The transparent, curved structure at the
front of the eye that helps to focus light onto the retina.

A

cornea

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5
Q

The tough, white outer covering of the eye
that provides structural support and protection

A

sclera

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6
Q

contact lens sits on the top of…

A

cornea

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7
Q

what provides about 65-75% of eyes focusing power?

A

cornea

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8
Q

how does the cornea become damaged? (5)

A

Physical trauma (like scratches or foreign
objects)
infections
excessive exposure to UV light
chemical exposure
long-term dryness of the eyes

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9
Q

symptoms of cornea damage

A

pain, redness, blurred vision, tearing, and
light sensitivity

severe: scarring, vision impairment, infection, or
permanent vision loss if untreated

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10
Q

vascular layer of the eye contains (3)

A

choroid
ciliary body
iris

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11
Q

The layer rich in blood vessels that nourishes the retina and absorbs stray light.

A

choroid

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12
Q

Contains muscles that control the shape of the lens for focusing and produces aqueous humor, the fluid in the eye.

A

ciliary body

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13
Q

The colored part of the eye that controls the diameter of the pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye.

A

iris

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14
Q

what is the largest part of the vascular layer?

A

choroid

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15
Q

choroid is firmly attached to the

A

retina

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16
Q

choroid is fed by

A

ciliary branches of ophthalmic artery

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17
Q

choroid helps supply blood to the

A

photoreceptors

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18
Q

choroidal neovascularization

A

a condition where abnormal blood vessels grow in the choroid layer of the eye

can lead to vision distortion and loss

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19
Q

ciliary muscle contract…

A

contract –> lens round –> more refraction –> clear CLOSE vision

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20
Q

ciliary muscles relax…

A

relax –> lens flattens –> less refraction –> clear DISTANCE vision

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21
Q

The eye flips the image due to the refraction of light through the
cornea and lens, projecting an inverted image onto the ____,
which the brain then processes and interprets as upright

A

The eye flips the image due to the refraction of light through the cornea and lens, projecting an inverted image onto the retina, which the brain then processes and interprets as upright.

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22
Q

circular and radial muscles of the eye

A

radial: dilator papillae
circular: sphincter pupillae

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

contraction of the dilator pupillae m.

A

pupil opens wide (dim light)

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25
Q

contraction of the sphincter pupillae m.

A

pupil reduces in size (bright light)

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26
Q

what does the eye contract in dim and bright light?

A

dim: dilator pupillae (dilate)
bright: sphincter pupillae (shrink)

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27
Q

inner layer of eye contains… (3)

A

retina
optic disc
fovea

28
Q

The central area of the retina with a high concentration of cones, providing sharp central vision, with the fovea being the
point of highest visual acuity

A

fovea

29
Q

The spot where the optic nerve exits the eye, often referred to as the “blind spot” due to the absence of photoreceptors

A

optic disc

30
Q

Contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into neural signals for vision.

A

retina

31
Q
A
32
Q

specialized cells in the retina that convert light into electrical signals

A

Phototransducers (rods and cones)

33
Q

rods: function, characteristics, distribution

A

Function: Responsible for vision in low light (scotopic vision).

Characteristics: High sensitivity to light but do not detect color.

Distribution: Concentrated in the peripheral regions of the retina.

34
Q

cones: function, characteristics, distribution

A

Function: Enable color vision and detailed visual acuity (photopic vision).

Characteristics: Three types (S, M, and L cones) sensitive to short (blue), medium (green), and long (red) wavelengths.

Distribution: Densely packed in the fovea, where high-resolution vision occurs

35
Q

The axons of the ganglion cells are
found in the ____ ____ layer and all
run toward the optic disc where they
become the __ ___.

A

nerve fiber

optic nerve

36
Q

does the optic disc have photoreceptors?

A

no

37
Q
A
38
Q

fovea is the “ “

A

central vision

39
Q

fovea has the highest

A

aquity

40
Q

the fovea contains only

A

cones
(no rods)

41
Q

The fovea covers only about __% of the retina but accounts for over __% of the visual cortex’s processing.

A

1%
50%

42
Q
A
43
Q
A
44
Q

the LGN receives projections from __% of
retinal ganglion cell axons

A

90

45
Q

the LGN is composed of __ layers, each
maintaining a ____ ____

A

six
retinotopic map
*layers receive input from one eye

46
Q

the optic radiations are responsible for…

A

carrying the entire visual field information to the visual cortex

47
Q

Meyer’s loop is a subset of the

A

optic radiations
*fibers that project through the temporal lobe

48
Q

Meyer’s Loop curves around the ___ ___ of the lateral ventricle before projecting to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

A

temporal horn

49
Q

V1 or Brodmann area 17 AKA

A

primary visual cortex

50
Q

the primary visual cortex is located

A

in the occipital lobe at the back
of the brain

51
Q

calcarine sulcus

A

Separates the superior and inferior portions of the primary visual cortex

52
Q
A
53
Q

vision goes above/below the calcarine sulcus

A

upper vision: below sulcus

lower vision: above sulcus

54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q

why test pupillary reflex?

A

If you shine a light in one eye, both pupils should constrict at the same time.

*consensual response

58
Q

pupillary reflex in words

A
  1. Light hits retina, photoreceptors activated
  2. Sensory input from optic nerve
  3. Signal processing in pretectal nucleus (CNS level: midbrain)
  4. Bilateral response with signals sent to both right and left Edinger-Westphal nuclei
  5. Parasympathetic activation: neurons from Edinger-Westphal nucleus send signals along CN III to ciliary ganglion
  6. Activation of sphincter pupillae muscle, causing it to contract
  7. Pupil constriction
59
Q

pupillary reflex neural pathway

A
60
Q

pupillary dilation sympathetic pathway (1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons)

A

First-Order Neurons: The process begins
in the hypothalamus, where the first-order
neurons originate. These neurons travel
down through the brainstem and synapse
in the spinal cord at levels C8-T2.

Second-Order Neurons: Exit the spinal
cord and ascend through the sympathetic
chain to the superior cervical ganglion,
located near the carotid artery.

Third-Order Neurons: After synapsing in the superior
cervical ganglion, third-order neurons travel alongside
the internal carotid artery, following its pathway into the
skull. They then continue to the eye, following branches
of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

61
Q

pupillary dilation sympathetic pathway diagram

A
62
Q

horner syndrome

A

Loss of sympathetic
innervation, characterized by 3 main features:
1. Miosis — constricted pupil (loss of dilator)
2. Ptosis — drooping of upper eye lid (loss of superior tarsal muscle)
3. Anhydrous — loss of sweating

63
Q

eye muscles sympathetic vs parasympathetic response

A

symp: dilator pupillae (dilates pupil)

parasymp: sphincter pupillae (narrows pupil)

64
Q
A

A. right CN II (optic nerve)

65
Q
A

D. left CN III (oculomotor nerve)

Human Form & Function (40 decks)

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