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Human Form & Function > cerebellum and basal ganglia > Flashcards

cerebellum and basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

cerebellum basic functions

A

coordinates voluntary movements

maintenance of posture and balance

motor learning and adaptation

integration of sensory input to fine-tune motor activity

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2
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

posterior to the cranial fossa above the foramen magnum

inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes

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3
Q

what is the cerebellum covered in?

A

tentorium cerebelli (dura mater)

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4
Q

what separates the cerebellum from the medulla and pons?

A

fourth ventricle

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5
Q

how is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

superior cerebellar peduncle
middle cerebellar peduncle
inferior cerebellar peduncle

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6
Q

afferent and efferent cerebellar tracts travel through the ____, to and from the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex

A

peduncles

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7
Q

three lobes of cerebellum

A

anterior
posterior
flocculonodular

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8
Q

what are the basic functions of the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior lobe: Primarily involved in
coordinating movements of the limbs and
trunk (proprioception).

Posterior lobe: Plays a significant role in fine
motor control, planning, and coordination of
voluntary movements.

Flocculonodular lobe: Associated with
balance and eye movements (vestibular
functions).

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9
Q

what are the hemispheres and vermis of the cerebellum mostly in charge of?

A

hemisphere: fine motor coodination

vermis: postural adjustments

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10
Q

functional zones of the cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebellum
spinocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum

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11
Q

lesion in lateral cerebellum would affect the ___
lesion in the vermis would affect the ___

A

lesion in lateral cerebellum would affect the “LIMBS”

lesion in the vermis would affect the “TRUNK”

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12
Q

symptoms will be ____ to the side of the lesion in the cerebellum

A

ipsilateral

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13
Q

ataxia

A

Symptoms of damage to cerebellar pathways and the cerebellum

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14
Q

lesions of the vestibulocerebellum result in (3)

A

Impaired balance and gait

Marked nystagmus – involuntary eye movements

These symptoms can also occur with damage to the vestibular system.

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15
Q

lesions of the spinocerebellar result in

A

Impaired gait - often stomping. Lack of proprioceptive information makes patients unsure of where their legs and feet are without visual input.

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16
Q

lesions of the cerebrocerebellum result in (3)

A

Intention Tremor – amplitude of tremor increases during voluntary movement as the individual gets close to target. Example: trying to touch your nose with your index finger.

Difficulty with skilled movements

“Subtle” nystagmus

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17
Q

The cerebellum is composed of the outer ____ matter (cerebellar cortex) and inner ___ matter (cerebellar
medulla)

A

outer - gray
inner -white

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18
Q

cerebellum matter
outer:
inner:

A

outer: gray - cerebellar cortex
inner: white - cerebellar medulla

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19
Q

the cerebellar cortex is made of ___ matter

A

gray

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20
Q

the cerebellar medulla is made of ___ matter

A

white

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21
Q

three distinct layers of cerebellar cortex (grey)

A

molecular layer
purkinjie layer
granule layer

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22
Q

what is the cerebellar medulla composed of (4)?`

A

mossy fibers
climbing fibers
Purkinje cell axons
deep cerebellar nuclei

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23
Q

what are the only output of the cerebellum?

A

deep nuclei

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24
Q

Don’t Eat Greasy Food

A

denate
emboliform
globose
fastigial nucleus

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25
Q

what are the four nuclei of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

denate
emboliform
globose
fastigial nucleus

Don’t Eat Greasy Food

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26
Q

afferent: info to ____ to be ____

A

cerebellum to be processed

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27
Q

efferent: info ____ cerebellum to ____

A

leaves cerebellum to help coordinate motor activity

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28
Q

afferent tracts travel mainly thought the ___ and ___ cerebellar peduncles

A

inferior and middle

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29
Q

Ventral/Anterior Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Carries proprioceptive information from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors of lower extremities to cerebellum

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30
Q

Ventral/Anterior Spinocerebellar Pathway (brainstem, cerebellum, terminates)

A

Brainstem: axons cross back over

Cerebellum: Enters through superior cerebellar peduncle

Terminates: Ipsilateral vermal / paravermal cortex

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31
Q

Dorsal/Posterior Spinocerebellar Pathway (brainstem, cerebellum, terminates)

A

Brainstem: remains ipsilateral

Cerebellum: Enters through inferior cerebellar peduncle

Terminates: Ipsilateral cerebellar cortex

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32
Q

Dorsal/Posterior Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Carries proprioceptive information from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors of trunk and lower extremities to cerebellum

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33
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia

A

A hereditary ataxia affecting the spinocerebellar tracts

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34
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Demyelination affecting cerebellar pathways

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35
Q

Cerebellar stroke

A

Damage to spinocerebellar tracts or associated nuclei

36
Q

afferent pathways from the cerebral cortex

A

corticopontocerebellar
cortico-olivocerebellar
cortico-reticulocerebellar

37
Q

where do the afferent pathways from the cerebral cortex travel through and terminate?

A

signals through brainstem to cerebellum

38
Q

corticopontocerebellar pathway

A

cerebral cortex
pontine nuclei
mossy fibers
cerebellar hemisphere via middle cerebellar peduncle

*enters through middle peduncle
*terminates in the contralateral cerebellar cortex

39
Q

cortico-olivocerebellar pathway

A

cerebral cortex
inferior olivary nuclei
climbing fibers
cerebellar hemisphere via inferior cerebellar peduncle

40
Q

cortico-reticulocerebellar pathway

A

cerebelar cortex
recticular formation
mossy fibers
cerebellar hemisphere via middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle

*middle and inferior peduncle
*terminates ipsilateral cerebellar cortex

41
Q

peduncles and termination:
corticopontocerebellar -
cortico-olivocerebellar -
cortico-reticulocerebellar -

A

corticopontocerebellar -
middle peduncle
contralateral

cortico-olivocerebellar -
inferior peduncle
contralateral

cortico-reticulocerebellar -
inferior & middle peduncle
ipsilateral

42
Q
A
43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q
A
46
Q

efferent pathways from cerebellum (2)

A

rubrospinal tract
cerebellovestibular tract

47
Q

where do efferent pathways originate from of the cerebellum?

A

the four deep cerebellar nuclei
*via superior cerebellar peduncle

48
Q

Efferent tracts originate from the four deep cerebellar nuclei and travel mainly via the

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

49
Q

The tracts of the fastigial nucleus travel via the

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

50
Q

cerebellorubral tract pathway

A

Globose & emboliform nuclei →
superior cerebellar peduncle →
red nucleus →
rubrospinal trac

*tone of contralateral skeletal muscles

51
Q

cerebellothalamic tract pathway

A

Dentate nucleus →
superior cerebellar peduncle →
thalamic nuclei →
primary motor cortex

*Contralateral motor coordination

52
Q

Cerebellovestibular tract pathway

A

Fastigial nucleus →
inferior cerebellar peduncle →
bilateral vestibular nuclei →
vestibulospinal tract

*Coordination of balance and saccadic ocular movements

53
Q

from the vestibular nuclei, output is transmitted via (2)

A
  • The vestibulospinal tracts to spinal motor neurons, which control postural muscles.
  • Brainstem circuits involved in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) for stabilizing gaze
54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q

basal ganglia are a group of nuclei that lie where?

A

beneath the cortex

59
Q

basal ganglia are a group of ___ that lie beneath the cortex

A

nuclei

60
Q

Basal ganglia are a group of nuclei. These structures form a network of WHAT to regulate motor, cognitive, and emotional functions?

A

input, output, and modulatory components to regulate motor, cognitive, and emotional functions.

61
Q

components of the basal ganglia (4)

A

striatum
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

62
Q

components of the striatum (basal ganglia) - 3

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Nucleus accumbens
63
Q

components of the globus pallidus (basal ganglia)

A
  • Globus Pallidus Externus (GPe)
  • Globus Pallidus Internus (GPi)
64
Q

components of the substantia nigra (basal ganglia)

A
  • Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNc)
  • Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (SNr)
65
Q

Caudate nucleus:
Putamen:
Nucleus accumbens:

A

Caudate nucleus: planning and executing movement

Putamen: movement regulation

Nucleus accumbens: interface between limbic system and basal ganglia (motivation/reward processing)

66
Q

globus pallidus interna vs externa (role)

A

interna: Major output nucleus of basal ganglia; inhibits the thalamus to regulate movement

external: Relay and modulator in the indirect pathway; inhibits the STN and other nuclei

67
Q

globus pallidus interna vs externa (direct/indirect)

A

interna: direct/indirect

externa: indirect

68
Q

globus pallidus interna vs externa (output targets)

A

interna: thalamus, brainstem

externa: subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus interna

69
Q
A
70
Q

Subthalamic Nucleus (STN), an excitatory structure in the basal ganglia that uses ___

A

glutamate

71
Q

Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (SNr): Uses ___ to inhibit unwanted signals, helping control eye movements and muscle activity for smooth, purposeful actions

A

GABA

72
Q

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNc): Releases ____ to regulate emotions, learning, motivation, and decision-making, linking reward signals to motor actions.

A

dopamine

73
Q

hormones?
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN):
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (SNr):
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNc):

A

Subthalamic Nucleus (STN): glutamate
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (SNr): GABA
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNc): dopamine

74
Q

basal ganglia functional circuitry (function)
Direct pathway:
Indirect pathway:

A

Direct pathway: Facilitating movement

Indirect pathway: Inhibiting unwanted movements.

75
Q

The balance of activity between the direct and indirect pathways is modulated by ___

A

dopamine

76
Q

basal ganglia direct pathway main function

A

increase in motor activity (excitatory)

77
Q

pathway of the basal ganglia direct pathway

A

Motor cortex activation →
glutamate release →
striatum stimulation →
GABA release →
inhibition of Gpi →
inhibition of GABA release →
thalamus disinhibition →
premotor cortex stimulation →
muscle activation →
↑ movement

78
Q

basal ganglia direct pathway excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

79
Q

basal ganglia indirect pathway excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

80
Q

function of basal ganglia indirect pathway

A

decrease motor activity

*modulation of the disinhibitory effect of the direct pathway

81
Q

sequence of basal ganglia indirect pathway

A

Motor cortex activation →
glutamate release →
stimulation of striatum →
GABA release →
inhibition
of Gpe →
inhibition of GABA release →
↓ inhibition (activation) of subthalamic nucleus →
glutamate release →
stim. of substantia nigra (pars reticularis) & Gpi →
GABA release →
inhibition of thalamus →
inhibition of premotor cortex →
deactivation of muscles →
↓ movement

82
Q

Degeneration in Nigrostriaital pathway =

A

decreased dopamine

83
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Overactivity of the indirect pathway
  • Reduced stimulation of the direct pathway
    *Loss and impairment of melanated dopaminergic neurons
    *substantia nigra is NOT dark
84
Q

symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (6)

A
  • Initial symptom is typically a tremor in fingers or hands
  • Bradykinesia- slowed movement
  • Stiff/rigid muscles
  • Gait abnormalities
  • Posture instability
  • Loss of automatic movements
85
Q

Huntington disease

A

Degeneration of striatum

86
Q

Huntington’s disease symptoms (6)

A
  • Mood changes
  • Cognitive decline
  • Movement problems
  • Chorea- random spasmastic movements
  • Difficulty speaking and swallowing
  • Huntington’s is always fatal, there is no cure

Human Form & Function (49 decks)

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