Acid-Base Regulation

Question 1

pH=

Answer 1

pH = -log[H+]

Question 2

1 numerical change in pH =

Answer 2

10 fold change in the concentration of H+

Question 3

pH = 7 when H+ and OH- ions are…

Answer 3

equal
1:1 proportion

Question 4

physiological pH is

Answer 4

7.4

slightly alkaline

Question 5

acids _____ protons
bases ______ protons

Answer 5

acids donate protons
bases accept protons

Question 6

strong acids and bases _____ in solution

Answer 6

completely disassociate

HCl and NaOH

Question 7

weak acids ____ in solution

Answer 7

Donate relatively few of their H+/OH- ions

depending
on Ka (the disassociation constant)
- hight Ka = more disassociation

Question 8

biological systems involve mostly ____ acids

Answer 8

weak acids

strong acids would be hard to buffer

Question 9

biological pH fluctuations from 7.4 of ____

Answer 9

+/- 0.5

Question 10

acidemia

Answer 10

too many H+ ions in the bloodstream

arterial blood pH < 7.35

Acidosis: conditions leading to acidemia

Question 11

alkalemia

Answer 11

too low H+ ions in the bloodstream

arterial blood pH > 7.45

alkalosis: conditions leading to alkalemia

Question 12

pH regulation systems

Answer 12

Buffers (1st line of defense, resist change in pH, does NOT remove H+)

Lungs (removed CO2, fast acting)

Kidneys (removed H+, slow acting, can retain HCO3- bicarbonate)

Question 13

pKa

Answer 13

The pH at which the concentrations of the two components of a
buffer are equal

Question 14

pKa =

Answer 14

pKa = -log[Ka]

Question 15

Buffer Chemistry

Answer 15

Question 16

Henderson-Hasselbalch

Answer 16

pH=pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

Question 17

bicarbonate buffer

Answer 17

key buffer in the extracellular fluid

Question 18

phosphate buffer

Answer 18

important in buffering the intracellular fluid and in kidney tubules

Question 19

proteins (buffer)

Answer 19

have a negative charge that can absorb H+ ions to maintain pH in both extracelular matrix and ICF

histadine side chains

Question 20

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 20

works on red blood cells to dissolve CO2 into the blood

Question 21

medulla oblongate

Answer 21

rapidly detects an increase in systematic H+

Question 22

what does faster/deeper respiration do?

Answer 22

blowing off more CO2
drop in H+
raise pH

Question 23

what does breathing slower/lighter respiration do?

Answer 23

blow off less CO2
raise H+
lower pH

Question 24

lungs on deal with ____ acids

Answer 24

volatile acid (carbonic acid/CO2)
volatility = measure of how likely substance is to vaporize

Question 25

kindeys - buffer

Answer 25

slow acting buffer

deals with non-volatile acids (everything but CO2 and carbonic acid)

retaining HCO3- is main method of increasing pH

Question 26

respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 26

changes in the blood CO2 levels (carbonic acid, only volatile acid)

Question 27

metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 27

changes from all other acids (non-volatile or “fixed”)

Question 28

metabolic acidosis

Answer 28

decrease in [bicarbonate] and pH less than 7.37

Question 29

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 29

increase in [bicarbonate] and pH greater than 7.42

Question 30

respiratory acidosis

Answer 30

increase pCO2 and pH less than 7.37

*due to accumulation of CO2

Question 31

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 31

decrease pCO2 and pH greater than 7.42

*due to loss of CO2 due to hyperventilation

Question 32

mixed acid-base disorders

Answer 32

heavy vomiting (loss of stomach acid — metabolic alkalosis, increase lactic acid — metabolic acidosis)

Salicylate poisoning (stimulation of respiratory center — respiratory alkalosis, increase of endogenous, non-volatile acids — metabolic acidosis)

Question 33

Answer 33

7.4 pH

Question 34

Answer 34

carbonic acid

Question 35

Answer 35

increase pH

Question 36

Answer 36

metabolic

Question 37

Answer 37

bicarbonate