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Human Form & Function > Acid-Base Regulation > Flashcards

Acid-Base Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

pH=

A

pH = -log[H+]

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2
Q

1 numerical change in pH =

A

10 fold change in the concentration of H+

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3
Q

pH = 7 when H+ and OH- ions are…

A

equal
1:1 proportion

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4
Q

physiological pH is

A

7.4

slightly alkaline

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5
Q

acids _____ protons
bases ______ protons

A

acids donate protons
bases accept protons

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6
Q

strong acids and bases _____ in solution

A

completely disassociate

HCl and NaOH

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7
Q

weak acids ____ in solution

A

Donate relatively few of their H+/OH- ions

depending
on Ka (the disassociation constant)
- hight Ka = more disassociation

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8
Q

biological systems involve mostly ____ acids

A

weak acids

strong acids would be hard to buffer

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9
Q

biological pH fluctuations from 7.4 of ____

A

+/- 0.5

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10
Q

acidemia

A

too many H+ ions in the bloodstream

arterial blood pH < 7.35

Acidosis: conditions leading to acidemia

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11
Q

alkalemia

A

too low H+ ions in the bloodstream

arterial blood pH > 7.45

alkalosis: conditions leading to alkalemia

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12
Q

pH regulation systems

A

Buffers (1st line of defense, resist change in pH, does NOT remove H+)

Lungs (removed CO2, fast acting)

Kidneys (removed H+, slow acting, can retain HCO3- bicarbonate)

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13
Q

pKa

A

The pH at which the concentrations of the two components of a
buffer are equal

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14
Q

pKa =

A

pKa = -log[Ka]

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15
Q

Buffer Chemistry

A
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16
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch

A

pH=pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

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17
Q

bicarbonate buffer

A

key buffer in the extracellular fluid

18
Q

phosphate buffer

A

important in buffering the intracellular fluid and in kidney tubules

19
Q

proteins (buffer)

A

have a negative charge that can absorb H+ ions to maintain pH in both extracelular matrix and ICF

histidine side chains
hemoglobin in RBCs

20
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

works on red blood cells to dissolve CO2 into the blood

21
Q

medulla oblongate

A

rapidly detects an increase in systematic H+

22
Q

what does faster/deeper respiration do?

A

blowing off more CO2
drop in H+
raise pH

23
Q

what does breathing slower/lighter respiration do?

A

blow off less CO2
raise H+
lower pH

24
Q

lungs only deal with ____ acids

A

volatile acid (carbonic acid/CO2)

volatility = measure of how likely substance is to vaporize

25
Q

kindeys - buffer

A

slow acting buffer

deals with non-volatile acids (everything but CO2 and carbonic acid)

retaining HCO3- is main method of increasing pH
excreting/retaining acids to manage pH

26
Q

respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

A

changes in the blood CO2 levels (carbonic acid, only volatile acid)

kidneys will try and compensate

27
Q

metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

A

changes from all other acids (non-volatile or “fixed”)

lungs will compensate (fast acting) by altering rate/depth of respiration

28
Q

metabolic acidosis causes and compensations

A

pH less than 7.37 (too many H+, acidic)
decrease in [bicarbonate]

causes:
- increased non-volatile acids
- loss of excess bicarbonate from body
- kidney failure- decreased H+ secretion and bicarbonate loss

compensations:
- buffering
- increase alveolar ventilation (decreases pCO2 and H+)
- kidneys: increase hydrogen secretion and bicarbonate recovery/synthesis

29
Q

metabolic alkalosis causes and compensations

A

pH greater than 7.42 (too few H+, basic)
increase in [bicarbonate]

causes:
- loss of acid due to shallow vomiting (stomach acid is acidic)
- ingestion of excess bicarbonate
- abnormal retention of bicarbonate

compensations:
- buffering
- decreased ventilation (fast-acting): increases CO2 and H+
- kidneys (slow-effect): decreased H+ secretion and bicarbonate recovery/synthesis

30
Q

respiratory acidosis causes and compensations

A

pH less than 7.37 (too many H+, low pH)
increase pCO2

causes:
- damage to respiratory organs (lungs, nerves, chest wall)
- damage to respiratory centers of brain (inhibition by drugs/toxins)

compensations:
- kidneys: increase H+ secretion and bicarbonate recovery/synthesis

31
Q

respiratory alkalosis causes and compensations

A

pH greater than 7.42 (too few H+, high pH)
decrease pCO2 (hyperventilation)

causes:
- damage to the brain
- stimulants (speed)
- “fainting game” voluntary hyperventilation

compensation:
- Kidneys: decrease H+ secretion and bicarbonate recovery/synthesis

32
Q

mixed acid-base disorders

A

heavy vomiting (loss of stomach acid — metabolic alkalosis, increase lactic acid — metabolic acidosis)

Salicylate poisoning (stimulation of respiratory center — respiratory alkalosis, increase of endogenous, non-volatile acids — metabolic acidosis)

33
Q
A

7.4 pH

34
Q
A

carbonic acid

35
Q
A

increase pH

36
Q
A

metabolic

37
Q
A

bicarbonate

38
Q

metabolic vs respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

A

respiratory: volatile acids (blood CO2 levels)

metabolic: non-volatile acids

39
Q

metabolic or respiratory acidosis or alkalosis:

decreased pH
decrease in blood bicarbonate
kidney failure (decreased H+ secretion)
compensated by increased ventilation

A

metabolic acidosis

40
Q

metabolic or respiratory acidosis or alkalosis:

increased pH
increased blood bicarbonate
shallow vomiting
retention of bicarbonate
compensated by decreased ventilation and kidneys decreasing H+ secretion

A

metabolic alkalosis

41
Q

metabolic or respiratory acidosis or alkalosis:

decreased pH (acidic)
increased pCO2
damage to lungs or resp. centers of the brain via drugs/toxins
compensated by kidneys increasing H+ secretion

A

respiratory acidosis

42
Q

metabolic or respiratory acidosis or alkalosis:

increase pH (basic)
decrease in CO2
damage to brain
stimulants (speed)
voluntary hyperventilation
compensated by kidneys decreasing H+ secretion

A

respiratory alkalosis

Human Form & Function (49 decks)

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