Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

master gland of metabolism

A

thyroid gland

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2
Q

The ___ is the largest endocrine gland in the
body

A

thyroid gland

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3
Q

thyroid gland weight influenced by (4)

A

greater in men than women

increased with age

increases with body weight increase

increases as dietary iodine intake decreases

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4
Q

the thyroid gland is extremely well ____

A

vascularized

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5
Q

Increasing/decreasing thyroid hormone release can change ___ and ____ to regulate body temperature in
homeostatic fashion

A

basal metabolic rates & heat production

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6
Q
A
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

the feedback loop of HPT (hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid)

A
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9
Q

inactive thyroid gland vs active thyroid gland

A
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10
Q

Thyroid gland serves as huge reservoir of both T4 (and T3) in _______, the protein in which the hormones are assembled & stored.

A

thyroglobulin (TGB)

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

endocrine functions of the thyroid gland (2)

A

secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyrine (t3)

secretion of calcitonin

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13
Q

2 biologically active forms of thyroid hormones from thyroglobulin:

A

thyroxine (T4) (moderately active)

triiodothyronine (T3) (most active form)

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14
Q

calcitonin secreted by the parafollicular cells (a.k.a., C-cells) of the thyroid gland in
response to _____

A

high blood Ca2+

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15
Q

calcitonin decreases the release of Ca2+ from bone by decreasing the activity of
____, which break bone down.

A

osteoclasts

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16
Q
A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Thyroxine (T4) is synthesized from ___ & ___

A

iodine & tyrosine

20
Q

T4 is made exclusively in the ____
T3 is made extrathyroidally from ___

A

thyroid
T4 (in liver and intestines)

21
Q

______ is the protein in which
T4 and T3 are assembled and stored.

A

Thyroglobulin (Tg)

22
Q

Almost all T4 produced is quickly converted to T3 peripherally (most in liver) once released from ____ stores

A

thyroglobulin

23
Q

T3 is ~__x more potent than T4.
rT3 is ____form made mostly
in liver

A

~4x

inactive

24
Q
A
25
Q
A
26
Q

Many chronic stress-like conditions lead to ____

A

hypothyroidism

27
Q

During chronic stress, chronic iron deficiency, chronic iodine deficiency (etc.), the body converts ______to more_______ to conserve its
energy (with less T3, the cells of the body slow down).

A

T4 to more rT3

28
Q

In the case of iodine deficiency, one may also develop a ____

A

goiter

29
Q

Without Iodine, thyroid hormones are not released from thyroglobulin, so ___ builds up.

A

TSH

*goiter

30
Q

iodine deficiency causes excess TSH -> oxidative stress -> which leads to ___

A

thyroid hyperplasia (goiter)

31
Q

Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body that can absorb ___

A

iodine

32
Q

____ is essential for normal thyroid function

A
33
Q

Iodine deficiency is defined as
urine iodine excretion of ____
of dietary iodine intake

A

> 70%

34
Q

Goiter result from excessive tissue growth when thyroid cells are exposed chronically to too much ____ or too much human
____

A

thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH)
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

35
Q

what is the most common cause of goiter?

A

iodine deficiency

36
Q

Goiter due to iodine deficiency is most commonly observed in

A

underdeveloped areas with poor nutrition
*Iodine supplementation in salt prevents most iodine deficiency in USA

37
Q

medications that may promote goiter (5)

A
  • Hyperthyroid medications (i.e., propylthiouracil)
  • Sulfonamide antimicrobials (i.e., sulfamethoxazole component of
    SMX-TMP (Bactrim))
  • Amiodarone: anti-arrhythmic agent
  • Lithium: for bipolar disorders, anxiety, cluster headaches & migraines
  • Salofalk: contains the active ingredient, mesalazine, a type of aminosalicylate is used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis
38
Q

Environmental compounds may also promote goiter: (3)

A
  • Mercury, Arsenic & some other heavy metals
  • Nitrates
  • Pesticide compounds
39
Q

iodine deficiency disorder

A

hypothyroidism and goiter or diffuse thyroid enlargement

40
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism)

A

Cretinism is the most extreme
manifestation of severe IDD

due to a deficiency of iodine in
the mother’s diet during pregnancy
resulting in congenital hypothyroidism
(from birth)

41
Q

Too much or too little thyroid hormone can lead to ___

A

enlarged thyroid (goiter)

42
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

autoimmune hypothyroidism

43
Q

Grave’s disease

A

autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins
(TSIs) to the TSH receptor (TSHR).

44
Q

The main complications of patients with
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are associated with ___ ___ since either condition can cause life-threatening cardiac events.

A

cardiac comorbidity

45
Q

The amount of T4 produced and released by the thyroid gland is controlled directly by TSH released by the ___________?

A

Anterior Pituitary

46
Q

What is the best known stimuli for increasing the rate of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the anterior pituitary?

A

Exposure to Cold

Thyroid Hormones are “Calorigenic”
* Cause cells to consume more
energy and produce heat as a
byproduct.

47
Q
A