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Human Form & Function > Long Motor & Sensory Pathways > Flashcards

Long Motor & Sensory Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

corticospinal tract: primary motor pathway for voluntary willed ____ control

A

motor

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2
Q

how many neurons in the corticospinal tract?

A

two neurons

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3
Q

coericospinal pathway from cerebral cortex to arm

A
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4
Q

pyramids are part of the ____

A

medulla oblongata

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5
Q

where is the synapse of upper and lower motor neuron? (corticospinal)

A

ventral horn of gray matter

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6
Q

order these from top to bottom: pons, pyramids, cerebral cortex, medulla, midbrain

A

cerebral cortex
midbrain
pons
medulla
pyramids

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7
Q

upper motor neurons arises from the

A

cerebral cortex

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8
Q

the pre-central gyrus is the _____ ______ cortex

A

primary motor

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9
Q

what is the yellow? what is the green dotted line?

A

pre-central gyrus
central sulcus

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10
Q

homunculus means “ “

A

little man

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11
Q

motor homunculus has a ______ distribution of neuroplasticity

A

uneven distribution
the ratio of the amount of upper neuron cell bodies

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12
Q

path that upper motor neurons take

A

pre-central gyrus (primary motor cortex)
midbrain - cerebral peduncle
pons - pons proper
medulla
pyramid
spinal cord

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13
Q

UMN’s descending in the brainstem influence muscles on the ______ side of the body

A

contralateral

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14
Q

upper motor neurons run through what part of the spinal cord?

A

later part of white matter (funiculus “cable”)

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15
Q

where is the corticospinal tract found in the spinal cord?

A

lateral part of white matter
funiculus

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16
Q

where is the UMN to LMN synapse?

A

ventral horn

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17
Q

neuromuscular junction has what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

the LMN synapses with a _____ ______ receptor

A

Nm
nicotinic cholinergic receptor

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19
Q

Corticospinal tract summary:
UMN arise from
Axon descends _______
Axon descends in the spinal cord and synapses in the _______

LMN exits the _____ ____ to the _____ root, then _____ ____
Lastly to skeletal muscle

A
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20
Q

decussation of long motor pathways

A

occurs at pyramids

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21
Q

Where would a UMN lesion happen?

A

from cerebral cortex to length of spinal cord

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22
Q

symptoms of UMN lesion

A

muscle weakness
hypertonia/tight muscles
no muscle atrophy
hyper-reflexia
babinski sign

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23
Q

where would a LMN lesion happen?

A

from ventral horn to neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

symptoms of LMN lesion

A

Hypotonia/flaccid muscles
Prominent muscle atrophy
Hypo-reflexia (DTRs)
Fasciculations

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25
Q

what motor loss would be expected if the right corticospinal tract @ the L4 spinal cord region were damaged?

A

L4 and everything below L4

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26
Q

what motor loss would be expected if the right cerebral peduncle was injured?

A

left side
- from the right midbrain to the pyramids (medulla)
- from the left pyramids all the way down

cerebral peduncle (midbrain) is before the decussation (crossing)

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27
Q

facial motor nucleus to the forehead is stimulated by UMNs from the:

A
  • contralateral cerebral cortex
  • ipsilateral cerebral cortex
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28
Q

pathways of facial motor neurons

A
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29
Q

how many facial motor neurons stem from R/L side and where do they go?

A

Right:
- three MNs
- two crosses to the left (forehead and cheek)
- one is ipsilateral (forehead)

Left:
- three MN
- two crosses to the right (forehead and cheek)
- one is ipsilateral (forehead)

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30
Q

if right facial motor neurons are damaged what areas would droop?

A

left cheek droops

the right side is normal because left MNs innervate
the left forehead is normal because left MNs innervate

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31
Q

what location has a nerve injury

A

right facial canal

LMN problem because the forehead is also drooping

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32
Q

what location has a nerve injury?

A

left primary motor cortex

The forehead is not droopy so it is a UMN problem

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33
Q

how to determine if the facial motor neuron injury is at UMN or LMN?

A
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34
Q

order of long sensory pathways in words (basic)

A

Receptor is stimulated→sensation relayed by neurons→spinal cord→thalamus→cerebral cortex→ consciousness is perceived

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35
Q

if the nerve damage is at the dorsal root ganglion,
identify the effects this patient
would most likely present with?

A

no sensory info
*at that level

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36
Q

sensations

A

vibration
proprioception
fine touch (discriminative)
pain
temperature
crude touch (non-discriminative)

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37
Q

each sensation is transmitted by ______ neurons through dorsal root

A

sensory

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38
Q

what part of spinal cord transports somatic sensory input to the cerebral cortex?

A

white matter

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39
Q

spinal cord white matter contains 2 major ascending pathways for somatic sensation which are:

A

DCML: dorsal column medial lemniscus

ALS: anterior lateral system

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40
Q

what sensations use the DCML of white matter?

A

vibration
proprioception

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41
Q

what sensations use the ALS of white matter?

A

pain
temperature
crude touch (discriminative)

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42
Q

sensory dissociation

A

pain/temp pathways ascend the spinal cord separately from vibration/proprioception

43
Q

how many neurons do the DMCL and ALS systems use to get from the skin to the cerebral cortex?

A

three

44
Q

what sensory neuron of DMCL/ALS systems does the decussation occur?

A

2nd order neuron

45
Q

anterior lateral system ALS is also known as…

A

spinothalamic tract

46
Q

where is ALS located in the spinal cord?

A
47
Q

where is the synapse of the 1st-order and 2nd-order neuron?

A

dorsal horn

48
Q

where is the synapse of the 2nd-order and 3rd-order neuron?

A

thalamus

49
Q

what order neuron is the longest? ALS

A

2nd-order neuron

50
Q

overview of ALS

A
51
Q
A
52
Q

if the right ALS on L4 is damaged… what will be lost and where?

A

pain/temp on the left side at/below L4

vibration would be ok

53
Q

if the left ALS at level T4 is damaged… what will be lost and where?

A

pain/temp on the right side at/below T4

vibration would be ok

54
Q
A

A

55
Q

DCML stands for

A

dorsal column medial lemniscus

56
Q

what sensations are associated with DCML?

A

vibration
proprioception

57
Q

DCML pathway from foot to cerebral cortex

A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A

D

orient: thoracic level spinal cord injury bc less gray matter

ALS (pain/temp) crosses at the level
DCML (vib/pro) crosses at spinomedullary junction

Right spinal cord injury
Left ALS impaired (loss of pain/temp)
Right DCML impaired (loss of vib/pro)

60
Q

how many cranial nerves?

A

12

61
Q

how many parts of the brainstem?

A

3
midbrain
pons
medulla

62
Q

trigeminal is what nerve?

A

cranial nerve 5
CN V

63
Q

distribution of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

CN V-1: ophthalmic
CN V-2: maxillary branch
CN V-3: mandibular branch

64
Q

How many neurons are involved in somatic sensation to get from a facial dermatome to
the cerebral cortex (post-central gyrus)?

A

3 neurons
3 neurons, 3 synapses, 1 decussation (crossing)

65
Q

trigeminal cell bodies of 1st order neurons is in the…

A

trigeminal ganglion

66
Q

nucleus vs ganglion (NS)

A

nucleus (in central)
ganglion (in peripheral)

67
Q

trigeminal 2nd order neurons ____

A

cross

68
Q

corticospinal tract is the primary motor pathway for _______ willed motor control with ___ neurons

A

voluntary
2 motor neurons (upper and lower)

69
Q

where does the upper motor neuron arise from?

A

cerebral cortex

70
Q

where do the upper and lower motor neurons synapse?

A

spinal cord

71
Q

trace upper motor neurons from the left cerebral cortex to the leg

A
72
Q

what is the motor homunculus?

A

topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

73
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in neuromuscular junctions?

A

ACh
acetylcholine

74
Q

what receptors on skeletal muscles bind with ACh at the neuromuscular junction of lower motor neurons?

A

nicotinic cholinergic

75
Q

cerebellum provides ____, ______ movements like _______

A

smooth, coordinated movements
posture
balance
coordination

76
Q

where does decussation occur in long motor pathway?

A

pyramids

77
Q

lesions above the decussation produce ______ deficits

A

contralateral

78
Q

lesions below the decussation produce _____ deficits

A

ipsilateral

79
Q

effects of lesions on Upper motor neurons

A

many muscles affected
muscle weakness (mild-severe)
hypertonia/tight muscles
no muscle atrophy
hyperreflexia
Babinki sign (toes curve back)

80
Q

effects of lesions on lower motor neurons

A

limited # of muscles affected
muscle weakness… paralysis
hypotonia/flaccid muscles
muscle atrophy
hyporeflexia
fasciculations (quivering)

81
Q

what motor loss would be expected if the RIGHT corticospinal tract @ L4 spinal cord region were damaged?

A

at the level and below L4 (right)

82
Q

what motor loss would be expected if the right cerebral peduncle was injured?

A

all of the left side of the body

83
Q

sensation is the

A

awareness of a stimulus as a result of its perception by sensory receptors

84
Q

sensations include:

A

vibration
proprioception
fine touch (discriminative)
pain
temperature
crude touch (non-discriminative)

85
Q

what are the 5 different receptors?

A

Long sensory pathways:
1. mechanoreceptors
2. nociceptors
3. thermoreceptors

  1. chemoreceptors
  2. photoreceptors
86
Q

spinal cord white matter transports ____ _____ input to the ___ ____

A

spinal cord white matter transports SOMATIC SENSORY input to the CEREBRAL CORTEX

87
Q

what are the two major ascending pathways for somatic sensory sensation?

A

DCML:
dorsal column medial lemniscus
vibration, proprioception
ascend ipsilateral

ALS:
anterior later system
pain, temperature
ascend contralateral

88
Q

how many neurons do the DCML and ALS systems use to get from skin to the cerebral cortex?

A

three
1st, 2nd, 3rd Order neurons

89
Q

where are the cell bodies for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons found?

A

1: dorsal root ganglion
2: spinal cord/spinomed jnx
3. thalamus

90
Q

pain and temperature pathways is…

A

ALS: anterior lateral system

91
Q

trace a “pain/temp” pathway from the right foot (where are synapses?)

A

ALS

92
Q

trace ALS (pain/temp) pathway from the right foot

A
93
Q

where would pain/temp sensory loss occur if the left anterior lateral system L4 spinal cord region were damaged?

A

right side at and below L4 (contralateral)

will not get sensory to the brain

94
Q

the left side of the body (neck down) does not feel pain, but the vibration sensation is unaffected. what part of CNS is most likely damaged?

A

right medulla

95
Q

vibration and proprioception pathway is…

A

DCML
dorsal column medial lemniscus

96
Q

trace vibration sensation from the right foot to the brain

A
97
Q

trace DCML from right foot

A
98
Q

where do DCML neurons synapse? (3)

A

??????
1: dorsal root ganglion
2: gracile/cuneate nucleus (spinomed junction)
3: thalamus

99
Q

where is decussation of DCML?

A

spinomed junction

100
Q

where would vibratory sensory loss occur if the right DCML L4 spinal cord region is damaged?

A

vibration/proprioception loss at right side of the body from L4 level and down

101
Q

if the right side of the thoracic spinal cord is damaged, what part of the body will not process vibratory sensation?

A

right body from the thoracic region affected and down

102
Q

If the right side of the thoracic spinal cord is injured, what sensations are affected, and where are they?

A

pain/temp on contralateral (right)
vibration/prop on ipsilateral (left)

103
Q

trace differences between the two long sensory pathways

A

Human Form & Function (40 decks)

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