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Human Form & Function > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of connective tissues

A

Extracellular matrix
- ground substance
- protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

Resident cells
- mesenchymal
- macrophages
- adipocytes
- fibroblast

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2
Q

Connective tissue functions

A
  • Matrix to support and physically connect tissues to form or
  • Metabolic support
  • Diffusion of nutrients and waste
  • Defense
  • Protect
  • repair
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3
Q

What does connective tissue drive from?

A

Mesenchyme

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4
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Proper: loose/dense and regular/irregular

Special properties: adipose, elastic, mucous, hematopoietic

Supporting: cartilage and bone

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5
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Low collagen
High cells
High ground substance

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6
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

High collagen
Low cells
Low ground substance

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7
Q

What is the most abundant type of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue
- Most cell types present

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8
Q

Where is loose connective tissue located

A

Under epithelia
- forms storma (non essential)

Fills space between tissue and organs
Sheaths lymphatics and blood vessels

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9
Q

Dense regular vs dense irregular CT

A

Dense regular ct:
- collagen bundles are aligned in parallel
- tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular ct:
- collagen bundles are randomly arranged
- skin and stomach

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10
Q

dense regular CT locations

A

tendons and ligaments

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11
Q

Extracellular matrix composition

A

Fibers
Proteoglycans
Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

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12
Q

Three main types of fibers

A

Collagen fibers — collagen 1

Reticular fibers — collagen 3

Elastic fibers — elastin

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13
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen

30% of dry weight
20+ types produced (mostly by fibroblasts)

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14
Q

General role of collagen

A

Resist tension and shear forces

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15
Q

Assembly of collagen

A

Peptide chains
Pro collagen
Tropocollagen
Collagen fibrils
Collagen fibers

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16
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

A genetic disorder that causes collagen formation to be incorrect or not enough (collagen I)

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17
Q

Collagen I fiber

A

Most abundant
Resist stretch
Provide tensile strength
Found in dermis, organ capsules, bone, tendons, fibrocartilage, scar tissue

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18
Q

Keloid scar

A

Excess collagen in wound healing
Collagen I fibers
Causes large scars

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19
Q

collagen types (locations/synthesis/function)

A
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20
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Collagen III
Smaller than type 1 collagen, no bundles
Provide structural framework and stability

Found in: Extensible organs (stretching)
Artery walls
Intestines
Uterus
Endocrine glands
Liver endometrium
Stroma of smooth muscle and hematopoietic organs

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21
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

Occurs in RER

proline hydroxylated to hydroxyproline
- requires Vitamin C

Collagenases or matrix metalloproteases (MMR) chew up collagen and remodel the ECM

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22
Q

Elastic fibers

A

ELASTIN core surrounded by fibrilin

Add resiliency to CT

Maintain extensible organs (expand)

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23
Q

Ground substance composition

A

Glycoconjugates (polysaccharides)
- glycosaminoglycans GAGs
- proteoglycans
- structural/adhesive glycoproteins
Tissue Fluid

24
Q

Ground substance function

A

Store electrolytes and water
shock absorption
lubrication (form viscous barrier)
attachment and movement of cells in EMC

25
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

GAGs

Keratin sulfate & heparin sulfate

Linear chain of repeating disaccharides

Negatively charged (hydrophilic)

26
Q

Proteoglycans

A

GAGs + protein backbone

“Bottle brush”

Hydration

Viscous, resists compression

27
Q

Proteoglycans aggregate

A

Aggrecan : Proteoglycans attached to a hyaluronic acid polymer

Holds water

Lubricates joints and organs

28
Q

Structural/Adhesive Glycoproteins

A

Attach to ECM vie INTEGRIN receptors
- fibronectin & laminin

29
Q

Permanent/resident cells

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipocytes

30
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Permanent/resident cell

Most abundant

Secret ground substance and fibers

31
Q

Macrophages

A

Permanent/resident cells

Wound repair
Sensing damage (histocytes)
Phagocytosis
Secrete cytokines/enzymes

Phagocytic cell derived from monocytes and yolk sac progenitors

CT resident macrophages: histocytes

32
Q

Mast cells

A

Permanent/resident cells

Inflammatory response
HISTAMINE/HEPRIN/LEUKOTRIENES
Found in dermis, respiratory tract, digestive tract
Long lived

Derived from precursor in bone marrow

33
Q

Adipocytes

A

Permanent/resident cells

Whole body metabolism
Store lipids
Insulate
Make hormones

Single lipid droplet, flattened nucleus

34
Q

Transient cells

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Transient cells

T lymphocytes: produce plasma cells
B lymphocytes: helper and cytotoxic cells
Few in CT

36
Q

Plasma cells

A

Transient cells

Short-lived
“clock-face”
derived from B-lymphocytes
Produce ANTIBODIES

37
Q

Neutrophils

A

Transient cells

Respond to tissue damage and infection

Lobed nucleus and granules

38
Q

Eosinophils

A

Transient cells
Inflammatory/infection
Reddish orange granules

39
Q

What cells release histamine?

A

Mast cells

40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q
A
43
Q
A

anterior cruciate ligament

*parallel collagen fibers and few fibroblasts

44
Q

A patient was seen in the ER after she fell while biking. The doctor determined that she had torn a structure in her lower leg. a biopsy of this structure shows numerous collagen bundles arranged in parallel and few visible cells. What structure is this?
-crural fascia
-peroneal tendon
-skin epidermis
-tibialis anterior muscle
-tibial nerve

A

peroneal tendon

dense regular connective tissue (tendons): arranged in parallel and few cells

45
Q

An 8-year-old female presents in the ED with hives, itching, dizziness, and shortness of breath following an insect bite. What connective tissue cell is most likely responsible for her symptoms?
adipocytes
eosinophils
fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells

A

mast cells

mast cells: resident cells of CT that contain many granules rich in histamine and heparin. inflammatory process. allergic reactions = mast cells

eosinophils= inflammation and asthma
macrophages/fibroblasts= secrete ECM
adiocytes= store energy

46
Q

a 50-year-old woman presents with multiple oral blisters and a few blisters on her back. Blood tests reveal antibodies to a set of protein antigens and immunostaining of an oral mucosal biopsy shows the antigen throughout the epithelial layers. What structure is the defect?
a. aquaporin water channels
b. desmosomes
c. gap junctions
d. hemidesmosomes
e. tight junctions

A

b. desmosomes

47
Q

which CT component is located in the ECM but not in the ground substance?
a. collagen bundles
b. fibronectin
c. glycosaminoglycans
d. hyaluronic acid
e. proteoglycans

A

a. collagen bundles

ECM = ground substance + fibers

*ground substance fills the space between fibers

ground substance = water, GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, fibronectin, laminin

48
Q

What cell produces hormones that are important for metabolism and stores energy?

A

adipocytes

49
Q

research scientists are attempting to create methods to prevent the movement (metastasis) of malignant tumors. a new drug is marked that triggers the apoptosis (cell death) pathway by disrupting a cell’s ability to adhere to the basement membrane. what is the target of this drug?
cadherins
demoplakin
fibrilin
integrins
occludens

A

integrins

integrins are receptors that help cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM adhesion. the ligands that bind these integrins are fibronectin and laminin.

desmoplakin: desmosomes - cell-to-cell attachment
fibrillin: elastic fibers
occludens: tight junctions

50
Q

a child is seen in the clinic for “fragile skin”. Skin breaks and blisters easily. Pt has a mutation in the gene coding for keratin 5, an intermediate filament that is expressed in basal cells of the epidermis. the oral cavity is NOT sensitive to stress. the reason for this difference is most likely that epithelial cells in the child’s oral cavity:
a. are ciliated
b. do not attach to a basal lamina
c. express different keratin genes
d. lack desmosomes
e. produce mucous

A

c. express different keratin gens

oral cavity epithelial do not express high levels of keratins

51
Q

is skin and oral epithelia ciliated?

A

NO

52
Q

which of the following cells produce the major protein component found in high abundance if scars?
a. adipocytes
b. fibroblasts
c. macrophages
d. mast cells
e. plasma cells

A

b. fibroblasts

fibroblasts produce Collagen I, found in scar tissue

53
Q

what feature of epithelial cells contributes to their role in selective permeability and surface specialization?

A

polarity with distinct apical and basal surfaces

54
Q

what best describes a unique characteristic of epithelial cells that aids in their protective function?

A

tight junctions between cells that create a continuous barrier

55
Q

Individuals with Marfan’s syndrome have a genetic mutation that impairs fibrillin synthesis in CT, resulting in abnormalities of the ocular, musculoskeletal, and CV systems. Which cell type would this mutation lead to abnormalities?

A

fibroblasts

fibroblasts secrete fibrillin (ECM)

56
Q
A

mast cells

MAST CELLS = ALLERGIC REACTIONS

Human Form & Function (36 decks)

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