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Human Form & Function > vestibular and auditory > Flashcards

vestibular and auditory Flashcards

1
Q

what CN is involved in the vestibular and auditory system?

A

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

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2
Q

where does CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) exit the skull?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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3
Q

what two nerves exit through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve
CN VII - facial nerve

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4
Q

vestibular system detects (2)

A

head movement
position

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5
Q

vestibular system is essential for (3)

A

posture
stability
coordination

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6
Q

where is the vestibular system located?

A

inner ear within the petrous part of temporal bone

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7
Q

vestibular system is composed of

A

semicircular canals
utricle
saccule

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8
Q

semicircular canals detect

A

angular motion

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9
Q

utricle detects

A

horizontal acceleration

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10
Q

saccule detects

A

verticle acceleration

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11
Q

semicircular canals are at ____ angles to each other. how many bony canals?

A

right angles
3: anterior, lateral, posterior

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12
Q

what are the swellings at the bases of semicircular canals called?

A

ampullae

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13
Q

How many sensory receptors are in the vestibular system?

A

5:
ampullae (3)
utricle
saccule

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14
Q

ampullae detect

A

rotational movement

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15
Q

within each ampullae, there is a receptor organ called the

A

crista ampullaris

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16
Q

crista ampullaris

A

receptor organ within the ampullae
composed of hair cells and senses motion in the head

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17
Q

crista ampullaris senses

A

motion in the head

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18
Q

in the lateral semicircular canal, if the head turns to the right, the culpa

A

turns to the left

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19
Q

the culpa’s movement is ____ to the head movement

A

oppositive

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20
Q

semicircular canal movements:
lateral:
anterior:
posterior:

A

lateral: shake “no”
anterior: shake “yes”
posterior: side to side “maybe”

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21
Q

otoliths are like

A

crystals

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22
Q

where are otoliths located?

A

utricle and saccule

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23
Q

otoliths are displaced during

A

head acceleration

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24
Q

otoliths are displaced during acceleration and the ciliary bundles of the hair cells are deflected, then what?

A

sensory signal in CN VIII

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25
Q

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

vestibular disorder caused by dislodges otoliths from the utricle into the semicircular canals

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26
Q

what are otoliths made of

A

calcium carbonate crystals

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27
Q

Free-floating otoliths in the semicircular canals disrupt normal fluid dynamics, sending false signals of motion to the brain

A

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

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28
Q

symptoms of vertigo

A

Dizziness, nausea, and imbalance

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29
Q

where do signals from the vestibule travel to first?

A

vestibular nuclei in the brainstem
*junction of pons and medulla

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30
Q

the vestibular nuclei integrate input from what?

A

vestibular apparatus
visual system
proprioception

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31
Q

from the vestibular nuclei, where do signals get sent to? (4)

A

cerebellum
thalamus
spinal cord
oculomotor nuclei

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32
Q

function of processing regions after the signal gets sent from the vestibular nuclei
cerebellum:
thalamus:
spinal cord:
oculomotor nuclei:

A

cerebellum: fine-tunes balance and coordinates movement

thalamus:relays info to the cortex for conscious awareness of balance and spatial orientation

spinal cord: motor neurons via vestibulospinal tracts, maintaining posture and balance

oculomotor nuclei: via medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), coordinates eye movements to maintain a stable visual field during. movements *vestibulo-ocular reflex

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33
Q

cerebellum does what with signals from vestibular nuclei?

A

fine-tunes balance and coordinates movement

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34
Q

thalamus does what with signals from vestibular nuclei?

A

Relays vestibular information to the cortex for conscious awareness of balance and spatial orientation

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35
Q

spinal cord does what with signals from vestibular nuclei?

A

Influences motor neurons via the vestibulospinal tracts, maintaining posture and balance

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36
Q

oculomotor nuclei does what with signals from vestibular nuclei?

A

Via the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), coordinates eye movements to maintain a stable visual field during head movements (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

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37
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex via what?

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

coordinates eye movements to maintain a stable visual field during head movements

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38
Q

Cortical Processing

A

Signals reach the vestibular cortex, located in the parietal and insular regions of the brain, for conscious perception of motion and spatial orientation.

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39
Q

reflex pathways of the vestibular system

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
vestibulospinal reflex

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40
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

A

Stabilize vision by coordinating eye movements with head movements

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41
Q

vestibulospinal reflex

A

Adjust body posture to maintain balance

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42
Q

if the head is turning to the right, causing the semicircular canals to move, what is activated?

A

right vestibular apparatus

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43
Q

once the fluid in the semicircular canal excited the hair cells, the signal is sent through the ____ to the ____

A

vestibular nerve to the vestibular nucleus

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44
Q

after the signal is sent to the vestibular nucleus, it travels to the (2)

A

abducens nucleus (pons)
oculomotor nucleus (midbrain)

*via medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

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45
Q

From the vestibular nucleus, signals travel to the abducens nucleus (pons) and the oculomotor nucleus(midbrain) via the ___

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

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46
Q

the lateral rectus muscle is activated via the

A

abducens nerve (CN VI)t

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47
Q

The medial rectus muscle is activated by the

A

oculomotor nerve (CN III)

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48
Q

lateral rectus muscle is activated by the —–>

medial rectus muscle is activated by the —–>

A

lateral rectus muscle is activated by the —–> abducens nerve CN VI

medial rectus muscle is activated by the —–> oculomotor nerve CN III

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49
Q

auditory system

A

detects sound waves and converts them into electrical signals for processing by the brain

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50
Q

the auditory system is essential for

A

hearing, communication, and environmental awareness

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51
Q

three parts of the auditory system

A

external ear
middle ear
inner ear

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52
Q

external ear functions

A

collect and funnel sound waves
protect tympanic membrane

*external acoustic meatus

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53
Q

eardrum is the

A

tympanic membrane

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54
Q

auricle aka

A

pinna

55
Q

middle ear functions

A

amplify and convert sounds into mechanical energy

provide pressure release

56
Q

where is the middle ear located?

A

in petrous part of temporal bone

57
Q

What is the middle ear continuous with?

A

Continuous with nasopharynx via auditory tub (aka pharyngotympanic tube, Eustachian tube)

58
Q

auditory ossicles are what?

A

extremely dense bones covered in mucous membrane (not periosteum)

synovial joints

59
Q

what do auditory ossicles do?

A

conducts vibrations from tympanic membrane to fluid-filled chamber of cochlea, via oval window

60
Q

what type of joint are the auditory ossicles?

A

synovial joints

61
Q

what are the three auditory ossicles?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

62
Q

Manubrium of the malleus is

A

embedded in tympanic membrane

63
Q

what is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body?

A

stapes

64
Q

Change in size between tympanic membrane and footplate means vibration increases ___ in pathway through the ossicles

A

10x

65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

middle ear infection that causes inflammation and fluid build-up

A

acute otitis media

68
Q

acute otitis media can cause blockage of

A

pharyngotympanic tube

69
Q

acute otitus media child vs adult

A

in children: Eustachian tubes are smaller and more horizontal, which makes it more difficult for fluid to drain out of the ear.

70
Q

inner ear functions

A

Receive mechanical energy and convert into fluid wave

Respond to fluid waves for proprioception of sound

71
Q

inner ear is located

A

in otic capsule in petrous part of temporal bone

72
Q

sensory organs of inner ear

A

cochlea
vestibular apparatus

73
Q

cochlea:
vestibular apparatus:

A

cochlea: hearing
vestibular apparatus: balance

74
Q
A
75
Q

path of sound

A

pinna (auricle)
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane
malleus
incus
stapes
oval window
fluid inside cochlea

76
Q

When sound waves cause the stapes to move, they generate ___ waves in
the perilymph of the scala vestibuli

A

pressure

77
Q

When sound waves cause the stapes to
move, they generate pressure waves in
the

A

perilymph of the scala vestibuli

78
Q

Pressure waves initiated in the scala vestibuli pass through the ___ ___ and into the scala tympani

A

cochlear duct

79
Q

Pressure waves initiated in the scala vestibuli pass through the cochlear duct and into the ___ ___

A

scala tympani

80
Q

pressure waves end in the scala tympani where they are eventually relieved at the

A

round window

81
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

Separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct

barrier to maintain the distinct ionic composition of the endolymph in the cochlear duct

82
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Separates the scala tympani from the
cochlear duct

structural support for the organ of Corti and is crucial for translating sound waves into neural signals

83
Q

tympanic membrane separates:
basilar membrane separates:

A

tympanic membrane separates: scala vestibuli from cochlear duct

basilar membrane separates: scala tympani from the cochlear duct

84
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Facilitate the deflection of hair cell stereocilia by creating a shearing force during cochlear vibrations. This motion opens ion channels in the hair cells

85
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Houses inner and outer hair cells, supporting cells, and the tectorial membrane, functioning as the primary site for sound wave transduction into neural impulses

86
Q

Hair cells in the cochlea

A

Sensory cells in the cochlea that convertmechanical vibrations into electrical signals and amplify vibrations to enhance hearing sensitivity and clarity

87
Q
A
88
Q

cochlea pitch locations

A

base: high pitch
apex: low pitch

89
Q

human hearing range is generally between

A

20-20K Hz

90
Q

hertz

A

“Hz” (hertz) measures the frequency of a sound, which determines its pitch (how high or low it sounds)

91
Q

decible

A

“Decibel” (dB) measures the intensity of a sound, indicating its loudness

92
Q

electrical signals from the hair cells of the cochlea are transmitted via the

A

cochlear nerve

93
Q

cochlear nerve is a branch of the

A

vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

94
Q

the cochlear nerve transmits signals to where first?

A

cochlear nuclei

95
Q

the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei are located in the

A

rostral medulla

96
Q

cochlear nerves synapse in the

A

the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei

97
Q

Dorsal acoustic stria:

A

Carries signals directly to higher auditory centers

98
Q

Intermediate acoustic stria:

A

Part of the processing route from the dorsal cochlear nucleus.

99
Q

what are the two pathways following the synapse in the cochlear nuclei?

A

dorsal acoustic stria
intermediate acoustic stria

100
Q

dorsal acoustic stria

A

carries signals directly to higher auditory centers

101
Q

intermediate acoustic stria

A

part of the processing route from the dorsal cochlear nucleus

102
Q

dorsal acoustic stria vs intermediate acoustic stria

A

Dorsal acoustic stria: Carries signals directly to higher auditory centers.

Intermediate acoustic stria: Part of the processing route from the dorsal cochlear nucleus.

103
Q

some fibers from the ventral cochlear nucleus project to the ___ ____ ____ via the trapezoid body

A

superior olivary complex

104
Q

Some fibers from the ventral cochlear nucleus project to the superior olivary complex via the

A

trapezoid body

105
Q

where does sound localization begin? (determining direction of sound)

A

from the ventral cochlear nucleus project to the superior olivary complex via the trapezoid body

106
Q

superior olivary complex is critical for _____ hearing (processing inputs from both ears)

A

binaural

107
Q

how do signals travel after the superior olivary complex?

A

via lateral lemniscus

*a fiber tract that transmits auditory information to the midbrain.

108
Q

the lateral lemniscus is a fiber tract that transmits

A

auditory information to the midbrain

109
Q

the lateral lemniscus transmits auditory info from the ___ to the ___

A

superior olivary complex to the midbrain

110
Q

what connects the superior olivary complex to the midbrain (tract)?

A

lateral lemniscus

111
Q

what nucleus is responsible for refining timing and amplitude data?

A

nucleus of the lateral lemniscus

112
Q

all auditory fibers converge at the ___ in the mid-brain

A

inferior colliculus

113
Q

where is the inferior colliculus located?

A

midbrain

114
Q

what does the inferior colliculus do?

A

integrates spatial and spectral sound info and coordinates auditory reflexes

*where all auditory fibers converge in the midbrain

115
Q

from the inferior colliculus, signals go to what? and where is it located?

A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
in the thalamus

116
Q

the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a ____ station

A

relay

117
Q

where does refining of the auditory signals AND preparing for higher-order processing occur?

A

at the medial geniculate nucleus

118
Q

what is the final destination of auditory signals?

A

primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

119
Q

where does sound perception occur (including recognizing pitch, tone, and location)?

A

primary auditory cortex

120
Q

auditory pathway locations (10)

A
  1. Cochlear hair cells
  2. Bipolar Cells of Cochlear Ganglion
  3. Cochlear Nerve (branch of CN VIII)
  4. Cochlear Nuclei
  5. Trapezoid Body
  6. Superior Olivary Nuclei
  7. Lateral Lemnisci
  8. . Inferior Colliculi
  9. Medial Geniculate Bodies
  10. Primary Auditory Cortex
121
Q
A
122
Q
A
123
Q
A
124
Q

The utricle and saccule in the vestibular system primarily detect which type of movement?

A

Vertical and horizontal linear acceleration

125
Q

Damage to one lateral lemniscus does not result in complete hearing loss. Which feature of the auditory pathway prevents total loss of hearing in this case?

A

Crossed and uncrossed projections in the cochlear nuclei

126
Q

A patient reports dizziness and hearing loss on the left side. Examination reveals a drooping left eyelid and reduced taste sensation on the left anterior tongue. Imaging shows a mass compressing cranial nerves VII and VIII. Which structure is most likely affected?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

127
Q

A malfunction in which vestibular structure would impair detecting vertical motion, such as ascending or descending in an elevator?

A

saccule

128
Q

Which part of the cochlear basilar membrane is most sensitive to high-frequency sounds?

A

the base, which is narrow and stiff

129
Q

A tennis player struggles to track the ball during a fast rally, reporting dizziness and blurred vision with side-to-side head movements. Which vestibular structure is most likely affected?

A

horizontal (lateral) semicircular canal

130
Q

A child presents with muffled hearing and a sensation of fullness in the ears after a cold. Examination reveals a bulging tympanic membrane without perforation. Dysfunction of which structure most likely contributed to this condition?

A

eustachian tube

131
Q

A runner notices increased unsteadiness when running downhill. Testing reveals impaired detection of linear acceleration. Which vestibular structure is most likely damaged?

A

utricle

132
Q

The vestibulo-ocular reflex is essential for which function?

A

stabilizing vision during head motion

133
Q

A 45-year-old woman experiences episodic vertigo and hearing loss. Examination reveals diminished taste sensation on the anterior two thirds of her tongue and difficulty closing her right eye. Which structure is most likely affected?

A

internal acoustic meatus

Human Form & Function (49 decks)

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