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Human Form & Function > Bone/Cartilage Histo Lab > Flashcards

Bone/Cartilage Histo Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage is a specialized type of

A

specialized type of connective tissue
composed of chondrocytes embedded in a firm gel-like ground substance or matrix containing fibrous macromolecules

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2
Q

is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

AVASCULAR

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3
Q

what is the main function of cartilage?

A

to support soft tissue

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4
Q

what are other functions of cartilage?

A

-shock absoprtion
-friction-free sliding surfaces for joints
-model for long bones during development
-essential for growth of long bones during childhood

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5
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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6
Q

chondrocytes

A

-major cell type in cartilage
- reside within lucunae
- secrete components of ground substance
- appear quiescent but continue to interact with cart. matix
-required to maintain molecular integrity of matrix

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7
Q

cartilage components

A

chondrocytes
ground substance (chondroitin, collagen II)

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8
Q

chondroitin

A

cartilage ground substance contains chondroitin which gives tissue elasticity and flexibility

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9
Q

what type of collagen is in cartilage?

A

Collagen II

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10
Q

does cartilage sense injury/damage?

A

no

it is aneural (no sensation to injury or damage)

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11
Q

functions of cartilage

A

-resist compression forces
-enhances bone resilience
-provides support on boney areas -where there is a need for flexibility
-acts as a “shock absorber”

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12
Q

what does cartilage derive from?

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

trachea
bronchi
larynx
nose
articular bone surfaces
ventral ends of ribs
transient skeleton model
epiphyseal growth plate

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14
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

auricle of the ear
Eustachian tubes
epiglottis
larynx

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15
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
some ligaments
meniscus

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16
Q

hyaline cartilage objects of identification

A

chondrocytes
perichondrium
interterritorial matrix
territorial matrix
septum
lacuna
isogenous group

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17
Q

elastic cartilage objects for identification

A

chondrocytes
isogenous group
perichondrium
elastic fibers

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18
Q

fibrocartilage objects for identification

A

chondrocytes
annulus fibrosus
symphysis pubis
nucleus pulposis

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19
Q

Fibrocartilage characterisitcs

A

-matrix is rich in Type I collagen fibers (as in dense connective tissue)
-contains Type II collagen fibrils (characteristic of all types of cartilage)
-fibers are more abundant than the ground substance
-fewer cells than in the other types of cartilage: cells are aligned in long rows between bundles of collagen
-NO perichondrium

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20
Q

hyaline cartilage chareacterisitcs

A

This is hyaline cartilage, with the following characteristics:

-chondrocytes in isogenous -groups/aggregates
-more cells in isogenous groups
-no large fibers
-most hydrated matrix
-“glassy”, transparent look

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21
Q

Which is the predominant type of collagen found in cartilage?

A

Collage II

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22
Q

In which region of the epiphyseal plate is active cell division and matrix production most prominent during endochondral ossification?

A

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Zone of proliferating cartilage is characterized by
-active cell division and matrix production
-Chondrocytes in this zone undergo rapid mitosis, leading to the longitudinal growth of the bone during endochondral ossification

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23
Q

What histological feature distinguishes fibrocartilage from hyaline cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage is distinguished by its ABUNDANT COLLAGEN I FIBERS

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24
Q

Cartilage ground substance:

A

-not mineralized
-texture is like very firm Jello®
-contains proteoglycans and
-responsible for:
–the stiffness of cartilage
–incompressibility
–flexibility (compared to bone)

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25
Q

bone components

A

bone cells
-osteoprogenitor (stem)
-osteoblasts (formation)
-osteoclasts (resorption)
-osteocytes (mechanosensing)
extracellular organic matrix
extracellular inorganic matrix

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26
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells of bone
-retain the ability to re-differentiate into osteoblasts
-reside in the bone canals, endosteum, periosteum, and marrow
-regulate the influx and efflux of mineral ions into and out of the bone matrix
-responsible for the formation of bone remodeling compartments

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27
Q

osteoblasts

A

Bone forming bone cells
-regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteocyte formation
-synthesize and secrete:
- osteoid: bone matrix
-alkaline phosphatase to regulate bone mineralization
-nucleators for bone mineralization
–dentin matrix protein (DMP-1)
–bone sialoprotein
- calcium and phosphate binding proteins to regulate deposition of mineral:
–osteocalcin
–osteonectin

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28
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone resorbing cells
- multinucleated cells derived from mononuclear monocyte-macrophage cells
- secrete:
—-hydrogen ions: acidify the resorption compartment beneath osteoclasts to dissolve the mineral component of the bone matrix
—-tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) + cathepsin K enzyme
—digest the proteinaceous matrix

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29
Q

osteocytes

A

mechanosensing bone cells
90% of bone cells
- terminally differentiated
- reside within canalicular system
- express osteocalcin/bone matrix proteins

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30
Q

bone extracellular organic matrix components

A

Type I Collagen
glycoproteins
growth factors: osteocalcin, osteonectin, bone sialoptrotein

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31
Q

how much of the bone volume is extracellular organic matrix?

A

over 90% of bone volume

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32
Q

bone extracellular inorganic matrix minerals

A

Calcium (99%)
Phosphorus (85%)
Magnesium
Sodium

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33
Q

function of extracellular organic matrix of bone

A

gives form
provides resistance

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34
Q

extracellular inorganic matrix functions

A

strength
stiffness
resistance to compressive forces

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35
Q

what part of bone is hydroxyapatite?

A

bone extracellular INORGANIC matrix

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36
Q

skeletal functions of bone

A
  • provides body support and attachment of muscles and tendons
  • body movement
  • organ protection from injury
  • houses and protects the bone marrow within its cavities
  • reservoir of minerals such as calcium and phosphate
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37
Q

extraskeletal functions of bone

A
  • hematopoiesis (including lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis)
  • endocrine function: bone regulates
    -systemic mineral metabolism
    -glucose and energy metabolism
    -embryonic brain development and adult brain function
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38
Q

embryology of bone

A

mesodermal germ layer and neural crest

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39
Q

2 major processes to make bone

A
  • intramembranous ossification: direct convertion of mesenchymal tissue to bone
  • endochondral ossification: mesenchymal (neural crest) –> cartilage –> bone
40
Q

What is the most common metabolic bone disease?

A

osteoporosis

41
Q

in adult bone, collagen fibers are oriented:

A

parallel to each other

42
Q

Which of the following cells in adult bone is derived from the same lineage as Kupffer cells of the liver?

A

osteoclasts

43
Q

Which of the following phrases about intramembranous ossification is correct?
gives rise to spongy bone only

occurs directly within mesenchyme

requires an intermediate cartilage model

converts the epiphyseal plate to bone

is responsible for lengthening of long bones

A

occurs directly within mesenchyme

44
Q

Which of the following structures represents the basic structural unit of compact bone?
interstitial lamella

trabecula

diaphysis

osteon

lacuna

A

OSTEON

45
Q

The cells most active in the synthesis and secretion of osteoid are:

A

osteoblasts

46
Q

most predominant type of collagen in bone

A

Collagen I

secreted by osteoblasts

47
Q

The blood clot initially forms at the site of a bone fracture is next replaced by what?

A

hyaline cartilage and connective tissue

48
Q

decrease in bone mass is due to…

A

increased osteoclasts
decrease osteoblasts

49
Q

trabeculated/compact adult bone organization (lamellar, woven)

A

Lamellar/Lamellar

50
Q

what growth process is responsible for the width of long bones?

A

intramembranous ossification

51
Q

what growth process if responsible for the length of long bones?

A

endochondral ossification

52
Q

Somatotropin

A

bone growth hormone

53
Q

osteopetrosis

A

“marble bone disease”
failure of osteoclasts to resorb bone at normal rate

54
Q

The proper assembly of collagen triple helices requires what kind of post-translational modification reactions?

A

hydroxylation

55
Q

first step in fracture repair

A

formation of a hematoma

56
Q

in healthy bone, caniliculi are most like to contain:

A

osteocytic processes

57
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Resident cells of cartilage
Chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage produce type II collagen

58
Q

hyaline cartilage function

A

Give supporting structure to airways, provide gliding surfaces for joints

59
Q

hyaline cartilage location

A

Large airways of the respiratory tract, articular surfaces of bones

60
Q

hyaline cartilage identification

A
  • Contains a greater number of isogenous groups than elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage.
  • Look for nearby pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to hint that you’re in the respiratory tract
61
Q
A

hyaline cartilage (larynx)

62
Q
A

Hyaline cartilage (trachea)

63
Q

isogenous group

A

A nest of chondrocytes, which all arose from the same parent cell

64
Q

septum

A

A thin band of matrix that separates chondrocytes within the same isogenous group

65
Q

territorial matrix
interterritorial matrix
lacuna

A

Territorial matrix: Darkly-staining regions of matrix that surround chondrocytes and isogenous groups.

Interterritorial matrix: Lighter staining matrix present between groups of cells. This matrix contains fewer glycosaminoglycans and more collagen than territorial matrix.

Lacuna: Cavities within that matrix that house chondrocytes

66
Q

elastic cartilage function

A

Composed of elastic fibers, which allow the cartilage to provide strength and flexibilit

67
Q

elastic cartilage location

A

earlobe and epiglottis

68
Q

elastic cartilage identification

A
  • look for darkly staining elastic fibers.
  • Compared to hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage has a higher ratio of cells to matrix, fewer isogenous groups, and more individual chondrocytes
69
Q
A

elastic cartilage (earlobe)

70
Q
A

elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

71
Q

fibrocartilage function

A
  • Provides higher tensile strength and firmer support than the other types of cartilage.
  • Fibrocartilage in the intervertebral disks forms a ring of cartilage called the annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the soft nucleus pulposus on the interior
72
Q

fibrocartilage location

A

pubic symphysis
intervertebral disc

73
Q

fibrocartilage identification

A
  • Fewer cells and more fibers present than hyaline or elastic cartilage
  • Cells can be seen
    arranged in rows between fibers.
74
Q
A

fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)

75
Q
A

fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc)

76
Q

perichondrium identification

A
  • a layer of dense connective tissue that covers cartilage structures
  • fibrocartilage is not
    associated with a perichondrium
77
Q
A

elastic cartilage perichondrium

78
Q
A

hyaline cartilage perichardrium

79
Q

spongy/trabecular bone location

A

interior marrow cavity of bone

80
Q

spongy/trabecular bone identification

A

presents a porous bone structure, which is composed of thin supporting segments of
bone called trabeculae

81
Q

what type of bone is this?

A

spongy/trabecular bone

82
Q

compact/cortical bone location

A

outer portion of solid bone

83
Q

compact/cortical bone identification

A

composed mainly of solid osteoid bone matrix, osteocytes, and connecting canals

84
Q

what type of bone is this?

A

cortical/compact bone

85
Q

osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte

A

Osteoblast: Responsible for secreting osteoid and building the solid bone matrix. These cells are dark
and exist on the edges of newly-forming bone. Once they become encased in the matrix, osteoblasts
become osteocytes.

Osteoclast: Large cells with multiple nuclei. Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down the bone
matrix secreted by osteoblasts to facilitate bone remodeling.

Osteocyte: The main resident cells of bone. They maintain the bone matrix and are surrounded by
osteoid on all sides

86
Q

osteoblast

A

secreting osteoid and building the solid bone matrix

87
Q

osteoclast

A

breaking down the bone matrix to facilitate bone remodeling

88
Q

osteocyte

A

maintain bone matrix and surrounded by osteoid on all sides

89
Q

inner and outer circumferential lamellae & periosteum

A

Inner/outer circumferential lamellae: Parallel layers of bone that surround the inner and outer surfaces of compact bone

Periosteum: The outermost layer of bone. It contains blood vessels and nerves that serve the underlying
bone

90
Q

osteon

A

functional unit of bone

consists of a central Haversian canal and concentric layers of surrounding bone lamellae

91
Q

haversian canal

A

canals that run through compact bone parallel to the long axis

they contain blood vessels that support osteocytes and bone matrix

92
Q

endosteum

A

thin layer of tissue that covers the innermost surfaces of bone, including the interior of the Haversian canals

93
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

parallel layers of bone that fill the area between individual osteons

94
Q

Volkman’s canal

A

canals that run through compact bone perpendicular to the long axis

connect haversian canals

95
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix directly, without cartilage models.

96
Q

endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage models of bones are first laid down by chondroblasts, the osteoblasts replace the
cartilage with bone matrix.

Long bones increase in length by endochondral ossification and increase in width by intramembranous ossification

This process also forms flat bones, such as the bones of the skull

97
Q

endochondral ossification zone of…

A

Zone of resting cartilage: Chondrocytes in this zone serve as a reservoir of cells

Zone of proliferation: Chondrocytes are actively dividing which creates columns of cells

Zone of maturation of hypertrophy: Chondrocytes stop dividing and begin to swell

Zone of calcification and cell death: The matrix begins to calcify and the chondrocytes die

Zone of ossification: Osteoblasts invade and begin creating woven bone on the calcified matrix

Human Form & Function (21 decks)

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