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Human Form & Function > Blood & Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood & Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

neutrophils undergo ________ at sites of acute bacterial infections

A

demargination

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2
Q

what cell gives rise to macrophages?

A

monocytes

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3
Q

granulopoiesis (granulocyte development) characteristics

A

acquisition of cytoplasmic granules

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4
Q

endomitosis occurs in what cell lineage?

A

platelet

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5
Q
A

neutrophils

Pus is the thick, opaque, usually yellow-white fluid matter formed in response to invasion of the body by infective microorganisms

PUS=neutropil=bacterial infection

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6
Q
A

eosinophils

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7
Q

what blood cell progenitors is no longer capable of division?

A

orthochromatophilic erythroblasts

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8
Q

where do hematopoietic stem cells and blood cell production appear first during human development?

A

yolk sac

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9
Q
A

histamine produced by basophils

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10
Q

which of the following is true about neutrophils?
a. undergo demargination at sites of acute bacterial infections
b. give rise to plasma cells
c. release thromboplastin during the clotting process
d. give rise to macrophages
e. contain major basic protein

A

a. undergo demargination at sites of acute bacterial infections

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11
Q

what cell gives rise to macrophages?
a. proerythroblasts
b. megakaryocytes
c. reticulocytes
d. monocytes
e. metamyelocyte

A

d. monocytes

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12
Q

which of the following is a characteristic of granulopoiesis?
a. eventual pyknotic degradation of the nucleus
b. stimulated by thrombopoietin
c. will eventually give rise to plasma cells
d. maintenance of round nucleus
e. acquisition of cytoplasmic granules

A

e. acquisition of cytoplasmic granules

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13
Q

endomitosis occurs in what cell lineage?
a. lymphocyte
b.platelet
c. monocyte
d. granulocyte
e. erythrocyte

A

b. platelet

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14
Q

a. basophils
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. erythrocytes
e. lymphocytes

A

b. neutrophils

pus = bacterial infections = neutrophils (1st responders)

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15
Q

a. basophils
b. lymphocytes
c. neutrophils
d. eosinophils
e. monocytes

A

d. eosinophils

parasite = eosinophils

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16
Q

which of the following blood cell progenitors is NO longer capable of division?
a. basophilic erythroblast
b. myeloblast
c. orthochromatophilic erythroblast
d. polychromatophilic erythroblast
e. myelocyte

A

c. orthochromatophilic erythroblast

differentiated = non mitotic

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17
Q

where do hematopoietic stem cells and blood cell production appear first during human development?
a. thymus
b. spleen
c. liver
d. bursa of fabrics
e. yolk sac

A

e. yolk sac

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18
Q

a. NADPH oxidase produces by neutrophils
b. major basic protein produced by eosinophils
c. IgG antibody produced by plasma cells
d. histamine produced by basophils
e. thromboplastin produced by platelets

A

d. histamine produced by basophils

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19
Q

hematopoiesis: there is continual ____ _____ and ____ ___

A

there is continual central production and peripheral destruction

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20
Q

T/F: Marrow is considered peripheral and the rest of the body is central

A

false
marrow=central
rest of body=peripheral

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21
Q

what are the two sources of adult bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (found in the embryo)?

A

yolk sac

dorsal aorta

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22
Q

label

A
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23
Q

label arrows/sections

A

green arrow: differentiation
red arrow: potential

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24
Q

what do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

Myeloid stem cells:
blood cells/erythroid CFUs
megakaryocyte
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
monocyte
monocyte

Lymphoid:
B cells
Tcells

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25
Q

what do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Lymphoid stem cells:
B cells (bone marrow)
T cells (thymus)

Myeloid stem cells:
blood cells/erythroid CFUs
megakaryocyte
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
monocyte

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26
Q

CSF (what does it stand for) contribute to what?

A

CSF: colony-stimulating factors

CSF and cytokines stimulate the proliferation of progenitor and precursor cells

promote cell differentiation/maturation

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27
Q

if bone marrow is damaged, ______ ______ can occur. Typically in the spleen and liver

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

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28
Q

erythrocyte developmental series cells (5)

A

proerythroblasts
basophilic erythroblasts
polychromatophilic erythroblasts
orthochromatophilic erythroblasts
reticulocytes
RBC

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29
Q

name the mitotic cells and non-mitotic cells of erythrocyte development

A

mitotic:
proerythroblasts
basophilic erythroblasts
polychromatophilic erythroblasts

non-mitotic:
orthochromatophilic erythroblasts
reticulocytes
RBC

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30
Q

blood cell homeostasis: production rates are regulated by ____ and respond to stresses (like infection)

A

cytokines

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31
Q

embryonic hematopoietic stem cells migrate to the developing ____

A

liver

fetal liver becomes the major source of hematopoietic stem cells

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32
Q

What stem cells do all blood cells arise from?

A

multipotential hematopoietic stem cells

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33
Q

growth factors of hematopoiesis

A

erythropoietin
thrombopoietin

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34
Q

cytokines

A

diverse set of protein hormones
involved in immune system activities and hematopoiesis

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35
Q

cords (hematopoietic marrow)

A

hematopoietic tissue between sinuses

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36
Q

sinusoids (hematopoietic marrow)

A

blood cells and platelets enter circulation via sinusoids

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37
Q

adventitial reticular cells

A

form meshwork to support cords of hematopoietic marrow

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38
Q

cells undergo developmental changes: what happens to the nucleus?

A

nucleoli disappear
chromatin gets clumpy
heterochromatin increases
euchromatin decreases

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39
Q

cells undergo developmental changes: what happens to the cytoplasm?

A

hemoglobin or granules increase
basophilic staining decreases
RNA decreases

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40
Q

erythrocyte developmental series:
name the cell
mitotic or non-mitotic?

A

proerythroblast
mitotic

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41
Q

erythrocyte developmental series:
name the cell
mitotic or non-mitotic?

A

basophilic erythroblast
mitotic

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42
Q

erythrocyte developmental series:
name the cell
mitotic or non-mitotic?

A

polychromatophilic erythroblast
mitotic

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43
Q

erythrocyte developmental series:
name the cell
mitotic or non-mitotic?

A

orthochromatophilic erythroblast
non- mitotic

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44
Q

erythrocyte developmental series:
name the cell
mitotic or non-mitotic?

A

reticulocyte
non-mitotic

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45
Q

erythrocyte developmental series:
name the cell
mitotic or non-mitotic?

A

RBC
non-mitotic

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46
Q

granulocyte developmental series:
list the cells
mitotic vs. non-mitotic

A

mitotic:
myeloblast
promyelocyte
myelocyte

non-mitotic:
metamyelocyte
band form
mature form (neutrophil)

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47
Q

list the cells in the granulocyte developmental series

A
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48
Q

list cells in granulocyte maturation

A
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49
Q

what cell produces blood platelets (in bone marrow)?
is regulated by thrombopoietin?

A

megakaryocyte

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50
Q

platelet formation is produced by what?

A

megakaryocyte

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51
Q

margination vs. demargination

A

margination: neutrophils adhere to the walls of blood vessels

demargination: recruit marginated neutrophils to enter
bloodstream - caused by stress

(diapedesis): neutrophils enter connective tissue by marginating through intracellular junctions between endothelial cells in a selectin driven process

52
Q

neutrophil/granulocyte developmental series:
what is the last cell to undergo mitosis?

A

myelocyte

mitotic: myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte
non-mitotic: metamyelocyte, band form, mature neutrophil

53
Q

functions of blood

A

gas exchange
immunity
tissue repair/regeneration
tissue homeostasis

54
Q

what does it mean “blood cells are discontinuous”?

A

blood cells are born in bone marrow BUT function elsewhere

55
Q

components of blood

A

plasma (water, protein, other solute)

buffy coat (platelets, leukocytes)

erythrocytes (RBCs)

56
Q

RBC’s lack a _____ and ____

A

lack nuclei and mitochondria
lack organelles (rely on anaerobic bc lack mitochondria)

57
Q

RBCs are a container for ___

A

hemoglobin Hb

58
Q

what catalyzes conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid which dissociates to H+ and HCO3-?

A

carbonic anhydrase

59
Q

what catalyzes this reaction?

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+

A

carbonic anhydrase

60
Q

anemia

A

loss of O2 carrying capacity

low hemoglobin (Hb)
reduction in RBCs/ml

61
Q

polycythemia

A

“thick blood”
elevated hematocrit

due to:
high elevation
CO poisoning
bone marrow disorders
tumors

62
Q

what does biconcave disc shape give to RBCs?

A

central pallor

provides a good surface/volume ratio (gas exchange)

allows cells to bend

63
Q

what are three proteins that assist the RBC cytoskeleton?

A

spectrin: lines the intracellular part of membrane (scaffold, maintains membrane integrity)

ankrin: linkage between spectin and band3

band 3: anion antiporter that facilitates gas exchange. connects cytoskeleton to membrane

64
Q
A

lack central pallor (no longer have biconcave shape)

loss of function of ankyrin or spectrin

65
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

mutations in genes coding for Hb, HbS forms polymers that DISTORT CELL SHAPE

may block vessels (leading to tissue damage and infracts)

66
Q

RBC shape variations

A
67
Q

what RBC variation is this?

A

acanthocytes

68
Q

what RBC variation is this?

A

spherocyte

69
Q

leukocytes two main categories

A

granulocytes:
polymorphonuclear neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
—lysosomes
—specific granules
—polymorphic nuclei

agranulocytes:
monocytes
lymphocytes
—lysosomes but NO granules
—spherical or indented nucleus

70
Q

what layer of blood are the leukocytes found?

A

buffy coat

71
Q

what layer of blood are the platelets located?

A

buffy coat

72
Q

what layer of blood are albumins and fibrinogen located?

A

plasma

73
Q

PMNs are the most numerous ____ ____ ____

A

white blood cell (leukocyte)

74
Q

what do PMNs provide defense against?

A

bacteria

75
Q

neutrophils use the enzyme ______ to generate reactive oxygen species to kill microbes and regulate inflammation

A

NADPH oxidase

76
Q

Pus means _____ (cell)

A

neutrophils, PMNs

77
Q

eosinophils are attracted by ___ cells

A

mast

78
Q

eosinophils kill _____ and ______ granules

A

kill parasites and toxic granules

79
Q

what cell is associated with asthma/allergies?

A

eosinophils

80
Q

eosinophilic granules contain ____ which can form crystalline band in granules (toxic for larval forms of parasites)

A

major basic protein (MBP)

81
Q

eosinophils uses _____ which is toxic to larval forms of parasites

A

major basic protein

82
Q

major basic protein is toxic to larval forms of _____, which is used in eosinophils

A

parasites

83
Q

basophil granules contain _____ and _____

A

histamine and heparin

84
Q

basophils are similar in function to what other cell?

A

mast cells (found in tissue but not the blood)

85
Q

agranulocytes: monocytes assist in the “_______ _____”

A

respiratory burst

86
Q

agranulocytes are precursors of _____

A

macrophages

also osteoclasts, microglia, kupffer cells, and histiocytes

87
Q

what are small lymphocytes?

A

agranulocytes: T and B cells

88
Q

what are large lymphocytes?

A

agranulocytes: Natural killer cells

89
Q

platelets lack a ____ and contain _____

A

lack a nucleus and contain organelles

90
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

hemostasis: stopping flow of blood

maintaining integrity of CV system

91
Q

hemostasis

A

stopping the flow of blood

92
Q

NSAIDS block _____ ______

A

block platelet aggregation

93
Q

injury to blood vessels triggers the release of ___ ____

A

clotting factor

94
Q

vascular constriction causes ______ muscle to _____ which _____ blood flow

A

vascular constriction causes SMOOTH muscle to CONTRACT which PREVENTS blood flow

95
Q

platelet plug

A

platelets agglutinate and form a sticky plug

96
Q

coagulation

A

fibrin strands adhere to plug and form a matrix
insoluble duct
fibroblast recruitment
wound healing and clot removal

97
Q

what is the rate-limiting step in coagulation?

A

prothrombin activator

98
Q

key feature of PMNs (neutrophils)

A
99
Q

key features of lymphocytes

A
100
Q

key features of eosinophils

A
101
Q

key features of basophils

A
102
Q

key features of platelets

A
103
Q

key features of monocytes

A
104
Q

just study

A
105
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the movement of a leukocyte from
inside a blood vessel into a tissue?
A. Demargination
B. Diapedesis
C. Endomitosis
D. Karyokinesis
E. Migration

A

B. diapedesis

106
Q

A 31-year-old female was undergoing routine prenatal care. As part of her
workup, she had a routine complete blood count which revealed highly
elevated levels of eosinophils. All other blood cell levels were normal. The
patient was healthy, currently asymptomatic and denied any fever, rash,
abdominal pain and myalgia, as well as any animal exposures, drug use,
travel history, or family history of inflammatory diseases. But she used to eat
scalded or grilled pork which might be undercooked. The patient most likely
has which of the following types of infection?
A. Bacterial
B. Fungal
C. Parasitic
D. Viral

A

parasitic

107
Q

An 8-month-old was referred to the pediatric hematology clinic for evaluation of anemia. His hemoglobin levels were very low, his reticulocyte
count was high and his iron levels were normal. His blood smear is shown below. (ignore WBC) His symptoms are most likely due to a mutation in which of the following?
A. B-Spectrin
B. Erythropoietin
C. Histamine
D. NADPH oxidase
E. Thrombopoietin

A

B-spectrin

108
Q

A researcher generates a mouse line in which all the genes coding for selectin proteins have been ablated. These mice can reproduce normally but, are highly susceptible to a variety of infections. What is most likely to be the primary defect in the response of circulating
neutrophils to a bacterial infection in connective tissue in these mice?
A. Binding to endothelial cells
B. Migrating towards the site of infection
C. Moving between endothelial cells into connective tissue
D. Phagocytosing bacteria
E. Releasing cytotoxic factors into phagosomes

A

A. Binding to endothelial cells

109
Q

A 33-year-old patient participating in a triathlon in St. George, Utah was airlifted to the University Hospital and admitted into the emergency room with adverse cardiovascular complications. His hematocrit was reported at nearly 80% (normal value 40 to 54%) . The physician on call suspected that the patient was illegally taking which of the following?
A. Cortisol
B. Erythropoietin
C. Hemoglobin
D. Interleukin 3
E. Thrombopoietin

A

B. Erythropoietin

110
Q

A 5-year-old child presents to a remote rural clinic with parents for evaluation of abnormal bleeding. The parents report that the child seems to “bruise all
the time” and has frequent nosebleeds. Vital signs are in normal limit for age. Physical examination reveals multiple bruises and bleeding gums. The
clinician carefully questions the parents and child and does not suspect abuse. Laboratory studies including a complete blood cell count (CBC) and bone marrow aspirate are obtained. Which of the following findings in the bone marrow is most consistent with this child’s presentation?
A. Decrease in eosinophilic metamyelocytes
B. Increase in eosinophilic metamyelocytes
C. Decrease in megakaryocytes
D. Increase in megakaryocytes
E. Decrease in monocytes
F. Increase in monocytes
G. Decrease in neutrophilic myelocytes

A

C. Decrease in megakaryocytes

111
Q
A

C. increased numbers of reticulocytes

112
Q

pallor, fatigue think ____

A

anemia

113
Q

decreased oxygen to tissues
EPO release from ______
EPO to bone marrow
_____ erythopoiesis
_____ RBCs
_____ oxygen to tissues

A

decreased oxygen to tissues
EPO release from KIDNEY
EPO to bone marrow
Increase erythopoiesis
Increase RBCs
Increase oxygen to tissues

114
Q
A

B. eosinophils

115
Q
A

Band3

band 3 binds too tightly to ankyrin
change of cell chae
increased fragility of RBC

116
Q

order response to injury

A

injury
release of clotting factor
smooth muscle contraction
vascular constriction
—–NSAIDs
platelet agglutination
platelet plug
fibrinogen to fibrin (thrombin)
fibrin strand adhere
—-Ca++
cross-linked fibrin fibers
wound healing

rate-limiting step: prothrombin activator

117
Q
A

E. margination

neutrophils that are marginated would not be counted in the blood

118
Q
A

D. thrombocytopenia

clues: nosebleeds +easy bruising = clotting issue

decrease in megakaryocytes = loss of platelet progenitors

119
Q
A

B. bacterial infection

120
Q

pus =

A

protein-rich fluid, dead neutrophils, macrophages, dead tissue, bacteria, etc

121
Q
A

A. basophilic erythroblasts

122
Q
A

D. mast cells and basophils

*eosinophils don’t produce histamines!

123
Q

albumins

A

most abundant plasma protein

made in the liver

maintain osmotic pressure of blood

124
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein (blood)

coagulation (blood clotting)

125
Q

what is the def. of hematopoiesis?

A

the formation and development of blood cells
“blood making”

126
Q

cytokines regulate ____ ____ of blood and respond to ____

A

cytokines regulate production rates of blood and respond to stress (infection)

127
Q

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells are ____, proliferate ______, and give rise to ____ major lineages of progenitor cells

A

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells are RARE, proliferate SLOWLY, and give rise to 2 major lineages of progenitor cells (myeloid, lymphoid)

Human Form & Function (40 decks)

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