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Human Form & Function > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

developmental story: (5)

A
  • Ovulation
  • Fertilization (Zygote)
  • Clevage (Morula)
  • Blastulation (Blastocyst)
  • Implantation
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2
Q

order: cleavage, ovulation, implantation, fertilization, blastulation

A
  • Ovulation
  • Fertilization (Zygote)
  • Clevage (Morula)
  • Blastulation (Blastocyst)
  • Implantation
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3
Q

Clevage:
Blastulation:

A

Clevage: Morula
Blastulation: Blastocyst

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4
Q

development story (image)

A
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5
Q

blastocyst (study)

A
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6
Q

label

A

Trophoblast: forms placenta

Blastocoele: cavity

embryoblast/inner cell mass: becomes the embryo

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7
Q

what is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

A

embryoblast

*becomes embryo

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8
Q

label

A
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9
Q

what forms the placenta?

A

trophoblast

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10
Q

label

A
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11
Q

bilaminar disc contains the (2)

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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12
Q

label

A
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13
Q

gastrulation: epiblasts –> ___ germ layers

A

three

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14
Q

gastrulation is when the layer of _____ creates ____ ____

A

Gastrulation:
Epiblasts create germ layers

*ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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15
Q

germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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16
Q

label

A
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17
Q

_____ is an enlarged group of cells that plays a key role in neurulation, the process that forms the neural tube and central nervous system

A

primitive node

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18
Q

Gastrulation: primitive ___
Neurulation: primitive ___

A

Gastrulation: primitive streak
Neurulation: primitive node

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19
Q

neurulation contains the… (6)

A
  • Notocord
  • Neural plate
  • Neural groove
  • Neural folds
  • Neural tube
  • Neural crest
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20
Q

how many pharyngeal arches?

A

5 pharyngeal arches

1,2,3,4,6

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21
Q

label (right side)

A
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22
Q

each pharyngeal arch contains (3)

A

artery, cartilage, nerve

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23
Q

label

A
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24
Q

label

A
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25
Q

label

A
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26
Q

label

A
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27
Q

Arch 1 Skeletal Structures (5)

A

Meckel’s Cartilage

Mandible

Malleus

Incus

Sphenomandibular ligament

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28
Q

Arch 2 Skeletal Structures (5)

A

Reichert’s cartilage

Lesser horn of hyoid bone

Styloid process

Stapes

Stylohyoid ligament

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29
Q

Pharyngeal Arch 1: muscles and nerve

A
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30
Q

Pharyngeal Arch 2: muscles and nerve

A
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31
Q

Pharyngeal 3rd Arch Formation
Skeletal Derivative:
Muscle Derivative:
Nerve:

A

Skeletal Derivative - Lower part of the Hyoid Bone

Muscle Derivative - Stylopharyngeus

Nerve – CN IX Glossopharyngeal n.

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32
Q

Pharyngeal 4-6th Arch Formation
Skeletal Derivative:
Muscle Derivative:
Nerve:

A

Skeletal Derivative – Cartilage of Larynx

Muscle Derivative – Muscles of the Pharynx and Larynx

Nerve – CN X Vagus Nerve (Motor and sensory)

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33
Q

arch migration forms the ___ ____

A

fascial planes

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34
Q

cervical fascia are sheets of

A

fibrous connective tissue (deep to skin)

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35
Q

the cervical fascia wraps….

A

Wrap the anatomy of the neck to form compartments

*muscular, vascular, and visceral compartments

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36
Q

Infections are ____ likely to penetrate fascia, muscles, bones, arterial walls, etc…

A

less

More likely to travel along these surfaces

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37
Q

are infections more likely to penetrate fascia/muscles/bones or travel along their surfaces?

A

travel along their surfaces

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38
Q

label

A
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39
Q
A

superficial fascia

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40
Q

superficial fascia migration from…

A

2nd paryngeal arch

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41
Q

superficial fascia:
nerve–
muscles–

A

Nerve – CN VII Facial Nerve

Muscles – muscles of facial expression group (in face)
- Platysma

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42
Q

Platysma (where, what nerve, function)

A

Where: skin below clavicle, upper thorax to Mandible, oral muscles

Nerve: Facial nerve CN VII

Function: Tenses skin of the neck

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43
Q

pretracheal fascia parts

A

Pretracheal Fascia (3 Parts):

Muscular
Visceral
Buccopharyngeal

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44
Q

Investing Fascia (where, nerve, muscles)

A

where: superficial layer of deep fascia

nerve: CN XI Accessory Nerve

muscles: SCM and trapezius

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45
Q
A

pink: investing fascia
yellow: muscles (SCM, trapezius)

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46
Q

Infrahyoid muscles (4)

A

Omohyoid m.
Sternohyoid m.
Thyrohyoid m.
Sternothyroid m

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47
Q
A

pink: muscularis fascia
purple: infrahyoid muscles

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48
Q

label

A
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49
Q

the infrahyoid muscles do what?

A

depress the hyoid bone and larynx

*swallowing and vocalization

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50
Q

When working with Suprahyoid m., ______can depress the mandible

A

Infrahyoid muscles

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51
Q

Pretracheal Fascia: Visceral Fascia – ___ ____

A

Pretracheal Fascia: Visceral Fascia – Thyroid Gland

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52
Q
A

blue: visceral fascia
yellow: thyroid gland

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53
Q

green?

A

green: buccopharyngeal fascia

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54
Q

prevertebral fascia wraps…

A

wraps around dorsal muscles.

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55
Q
A

prevertebral fascia

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56
Q

Prevertebral fascia contains what muscles? (7)

A

Longus coli m.
Longus Capitis m.
Anterior Scalene
Middle Scalene
Posterior Scalene
Levator Scapulae m.
Deep back muscles

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57
Q

what muscles reside anterior to the spinal cord?

A

Longus coli m.
Longus Capitis m.

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58
Q

Prevertebral fascia - Longus coli m. parts

A

Superior oblique part:
C3-C5 transverse processes to anterior tubercle of the atlas C1
Vertical part:
C5-T3 body to C2-C4 body
Inferior Oblique part:
T1-T3 body to C5-C6 transverse
process

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59
Q

Prevertebral fascia - Longus Capitis m. part

A

Transverse processes of C3-C6 to occipital bone.

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60
Q

Longus coli m. and Longus Capitis m. functions

A

-Bilateral: Flexes head

-Unilateral: Tilts and slightly rotates head to same side

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61
Q

Prevertebral fascia parts (3)

A

Ant scalene
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene

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62
Q

Anterior and Middle Scalene muscle attachments

A

Transverse processes (C3-C7) to 1st Rib

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63
Q

Posterior scalene muscle attachments

A

Transverse processes (C3-C7) to 2nd Rib

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64
Q

function of anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles

A

tilt head laterally

elevate first and second rib during respiration

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65
Q

levator scapulae m. attachments

A

transverse process of C1-C4 to Scapula

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66
Q

posterior triangle muscles

A

Levator Scapulae
Posterior scalene
Middle scalene
Ant scalene
Inferior belly of Omohyoid

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67
Q
A
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68
Q
A

purple: alar space
green: retropharyngeal space
yellow: sympathetic trunk
orange: prevertebral fascia

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69
Q

label

A

blue: internal jugular v.
red: carotid a.
yellow: vagus n.
brown: carotid sheath

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70
Q

label

A

red: anterior triangle of the neck
blue: posterior triangle of the neck

separated by SCM

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71
Q

borders of posterior traingle

A

SCM
trapezius
clavicle

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72
Q
A

investing fascia
(yellow: SCM and trapezius)

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73
Q
A

prevertebral fascia

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74
Q
A

omohyoid m

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75
Q
A
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76
Q

regions of the anterior triangle (4)

A

Submental triangle
Submandibular triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle

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77
Q

submandibular triangle muscles (3) and other structures (4)

A

Muscles (Suprahyoid m.)
Digastric Muscle
Stylohyoid Muscle
Mylohyoid Muscle

Other structures
Submandibular gland
Submandibular lymph nodes
Lingual and Facial arteries
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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78
Q

submandibular triangle muscles (3)

A

Muscles (Suprahyoid m.)
Digastric Muscle
Stylohyoid Muscle
Mylohyoid Muscle

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79
Q

submental triangle muscles and other structure

A

Muscles:
Suprahyoid m.
Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
(deep, in oral cavity)

*Submental lymph nodes

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80
Q

Submental Triangle + Submandibular Triangle
muscle goups (4) and functions

A

4 Suprahyoid muscles group:

  • Geniohyoid (genial tubercles of mandible to hyoid bone, C1)
  • Mylohyoid (mylohyoid line of mandible to hyoid bone, V3)
  • Ant Belly of digastric (digastric fossa of mandible to intermediate tendon-attached to hyoid, V3)
  • Post Belly of digastric (mastoid process to intermediate tendon, VII)
  • Stylohyoid (styloid process to hyoid bone, CNVII)

Function:
- Accessory muscles of mastication
- Elevate and move hyoid bone forward – aids in swallowing
- Depress/Open the mandible

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81
Q

function of Submental Triangle + Submandibular Triangle

A
  • Accessory muscles of mastication
  • Elevate and move hyoid bone forward – aids in swallowing
  • Depress/Open the mandible
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82
Q

carotid triangle contents (3)

A

carotid a.
vagus n.
internal jugular v.

wrapped by the carotid sheath

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83
Q

what wraps the carotid triangle contents?

A

carotid sheath

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84
Q
A

carotid triangle

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85
Q
A

Submental Triangle
+
Submandibular Triangle

86
Q
A

submental triangle

87
Q
A

submandibular triangle

88
Q
A

muscular triangle (infrahyoid m.)

89
Q

muscular triangle contains (4)

A
  • Omohyoid (Superior Belly)
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Thyrohyoid

*infrahyoid muscles

90
Q

what are the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • Omohyoid (Superior Belly)
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Thyrohyoid
91
Q

what do all the infrahyoid muscles do?

A

depress the hyoid bone and larynx

92
Q

infrahyoid muscles work with the suprahyoid m., they can _____

A

depress the mandible

93
Q

What muscle triangle assist vocalization and swallowing?

A

muscular triangle

  • Omohyoid (Superior Belly)
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Thyrohyoid
94
Q

suboccipital region is innervated by the…

A

dorsal rami of C1

95
Q

travels through…

A

travels through the transverse foramen

96
Q

four muscles of suboccipital region

A

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Obliquus Capitis Superior
Obliquus Capitis Inferior

97
Q
A
98
Q
A

1: rectus capitis posterior minor
2: rectus capitis posterior major
3: oblique capitis inferior
4: oblique capitis superior

99
Q
A

red: brachiocephalic trunk
purple: common carotid artery
green: right subclavian artery

100
Q

carotid arteries (2)

A

Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)
-Supplies Brain

External Carotid Artery (ECA)
-Supplies Neck and Face

101
Q

internal carotid artery supplies the

A

brain

102
Q

external carotid artery supplies the

A

neck and face

103
Q

Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) supplies the…

A

brain

104
Q

External Carotid Artery (ECA) supplies the

A

neck and face

105
Q
A

red: internal carotid artery
green: carotid sinus
yellow: carotid body

106
Q

baroreceptors: function and nerve

A

pressure regulation
CN IX

107
Q

chemoreceptors: functions and nerve

A

O2/CO2, pH, temperature regulation
CN IX

108
Q
A

external carotid artery

109
Q

external carotid artery branches (8)

A

superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
lingual artery
facial artery
occipital artery
posterior auricular artery
maxillary artery
superficial temporal artery

110
Q

superior thyroid artery supply (5)

A

Ant strap muscles
Thyroid cartilage
Larynx
Thyroid gland
SCM

111
Q

ascending pharyngeal artery supply (2)

A

Pharyngeal muscles
Inner tympanic region

112
Q

lingual artery branches (3)

A

dorsal lingual artery
sublingual artery
deep lingual artery

113
Q

dorsal lingual artery supplies (4)

A

posterior portion of the tongue
tonsils
soft palate
epiglottis

114
Q

sublingual artery supplies (4)

A

sublingual gland
oral mucosa (mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth)
contributes to of vasc. of gingiva
mylohyoid muscle

115
Q

deep lingual artery supplies (1)

A

anterior portion of tongue

116
Q

facial artery supplies

A

superficial face and muscles

117
Q

occipital artery supplies (3)

A

Suboccipital muscles
Dorsal muscles
Skin and scalp (dorsum)

118
Q

posterior auricular artery supplies (2)

A

Inner/middle ear
Posterolateral scalp

119
Q

superficial temporal artery supplies

A

temporal and zygomatic region muscles and bone

120
Q
A

superior thyroid artery

121
Q
A

ascending pharyngeal artery

122
Q

label top three

A
123
Q
A

facial artery

124
Q
A

occipital artery

125
Q
A

posterior auricular artery

126
Q
A

subclavian artery branches

127
Q

subclavian artery branches (3)

A

1st: vertebral artery
2nd: thyrocervical trunk
3rd: costocervical trunk

128
Q
A

vertebral artery

129
Q

vertbral artery supplies the ___ and enters through the ____

A

brainstem
foramen magnum

130
Q
A

red: thyrocervical trunk
purple: inferior thyroid artery
brown: ascending cervical artery
green: transverse cervical artery
yellow: suprascapular artery

131
Q

thyrocervical trunk branches (3)

A

inferior thyroid artery
transverse cervical artery
suprascapular artery

132
Q

ascending cervical artery supplies

A

muscles of neck

133
Q

transverse cervical artery supplies

A

trapezius muscle

134
Q

suprascapular artery supplies

A

scapular region

135
Q
A

red: thyroid gland
green: isthmus
pink: endocrine gland

136
Q

role of thyroid gland (4)

A

metabolism

development

blood Ca2+ regulation (decrease bone deposition)

communication with pituitary gland (via hormones)

137
Q

what branches off the external carotid artery and supply the thyroid?

A

superior thyroid artery

138
Q

what branches off the thyrocervical trunk and supply the thyroid?

A

inferior thyroid artery

139
Q

what supplies (artery) the thyroid artery?

A

superior thyroid artery
inferior thyroid artery

140
Q

supplies the thyroid?

A

superior thyroid artery (off external carotid artery)

inferior thyroid artery (off thyrocervical trunk)

141
Q

what supplies the deep neck muscles?

A

deep cervical artery

142
Q

what supplies the upper ribs and deep neck muscles?

A

costocervical trunk

143
Q

venous drainage of the head/neck (3)

A

external jugular vein
internal jugular vein
anterior jugular vein

144
Q

external jugular vein drains…

A

scalp
posterior and lateral neck

145
Q

internal jugular vein drains…

A

brain
face
some anterior neck

146
Q

anterior jugular vein drains…

A

anterior neck

147
Q

external jugular vein drains into the…

A

left and right subclavian vein

148
Q

superior temporal vein and maxillary vein join to form the…

A

retromandibular vein

149
Q

retromandibular vein joins the facial vein to drain into the…

A

internal jugular vein

150
Q

label below chin

A
151
Q

thyroid gland venous drainage into…

A

internal jugular vein

152
Q

thyroid gland venous drainage (3)

A

Superior Thyroid Vein

Middle Thyroid Vein

Inferior Thyroid Vein

153
Q

inferior thyroid vein drains into

A

left and right brachiocephalic veins

154
Q

anterior jugular vein drains ____ (2) into ____

A

drains facial vein and anterior neck

into the subclavian vein

155
Q

superficial lymphatic drainage from (2)

A

scalp
face

156
Q

deep cervical lymph nodes (lymph chain) surround and run down the ___

A

internal jugular vein

157
Q

deep cervical lymph nodes and internal jugular vein are surrounded by the ___

A

carotid sheath

158
Q
A

Thoracic Duct

159
Q

where is the thoracic duct (left)?

A

left jugulosubclavian junction

160
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct terminate?

A

at the right jugulosubclavian junction

161
Q

study

A
162
Q

head and neck exam

A

palption

163
Q

what drains the thyroid? (3)

A

Superior Thyroid Vein
Middle Thyroid Vein
Inferior Thyroid Vein

164
Q

cancer tends to spread through_____

A

lymph nodes

165
Q

where do lymph nodes tend to follow?

A

jugular veins

166
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A
167
Q

where does the left lymphatic duct drain?

A
168
Q

study

A
169
Q

what are the fascial planes? (6)

A

superficial fascia
deep fascia
-deep investing fascia
-pretracheal fascia
-carotid sheath
-prevertebral fascia

170
Q

platysma muscle arises at the ____ and goes down to the fascia of the clavicle/pectoralis major muscle

A

corner of the mouth

171
Q

what muscle is within the superficial fascia?

A

platysma

172
Q
A
173
Q

what does the deep investing fascia envelope?

A

SCM
trapezius

174
Q

what forms the roof of the posterior triangle?

A

deep investing fascia

175
Q

What vein resides superficial to the deep investing fascia?

A

external jugular vein

176
Q
A

pretracheal fascia

177
Q

what is within the pretracheal fascia (5)?

A

thyroid
trachea
esophagus
recurrent laryngeal nerves
parathyroid glands

178
Q
A
179
Q
A

prevertebral fascia

180
Q

muscles?

A
181
Q

the axillary sheath envelopes the ____ and is made of the ____

A

envelopes the brachial plexus
made of the prevertebral fascia

182
Q

what forms the floor of the posterior triangle?

A

prevertebral fascia

183
Q

alar fascia is part of the ____

A

prevertebral fascia

184
Q

what are two spaces in the cervical fascia?

A

retropharyngeal space
danger space

185
Q

what causes the retropharyngeal space to extend?

A

abscesses
infections

*restrict swallowing and breathing

186
Q

what fascia separates the retropharyngeal space and danger space?

A

alar fascia (prevertebral fascia)

187
Q

posterior triangle borders, roof, floor

A

borders: SCM, trapezius, clavicle
roof: deep investing fascia
floor: prevertebral fascia

188
Q
A
189
Q

what are the four sub triangles within the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle

190
Q

study

A
191
Q
A
192
Q
A
193
Q

study

A
194
Q
A
195
Q
A
196
Q
A
197
Q
A
198
Q
A
199
Q
A
200
Q

what are somatic neck muscles?

A

derived from somite

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid
anterior, middle, posterior scalene m.
levator scapulae

201
Q

what are the brachial arch neck muscles?

A

SCM
Trapezius
platysma

202
Q

all arteries of the neck :/

A

subclavian arteries
- vertebral arteries
- thyrocervical trunk

common carotid arteries
- internal carotid artery
- carotid sinus and body

external carotid artery
- superior thyroid artery
- lingual artery
- facial artery
- ascending pharyngeal artery
- occipital artery
- posterior auricular artery
- maxillary artery
- superficial temporal artery

203
Q

what two arteries are the major blood suppliers to the brain?

A

internal carotid artery (anterior of brain)

vertebral artery (posterior of brain)

204
Q

the carotid sinus is a _____ (can sense changes in BP)

A

baroreceptor

205
Q

what structure of the arteries of the neck is a baroreceptor?

A

carotid sinus (base of internal carotid artery)

206
Q

what can trigger a sympathetic/parasympathetic response to low or high blood pressure?

A

the carotid sinus via a baroflex (baroreceptor)

207
Q

the carotid body is a _____ (senses changes in blood O2/CO2)

A

chemorecpetor

208
Q

what structure (in the arteries of the neck) can sense changes in blood O2/CO2?

A

carotid body (chemoreceptor)

209
Q

where is the carotid body?

A

between the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery

210
Q

order of branches from the external carotid artery

A

superior thyroid artery
lingual artery
facial artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
occipital artery
posterior auricula artery
maxillary artery
superficial temporal artery

211
Q
A

Human Form & Function (40 decks)

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