Neck Flashcards
developmental story: (5)
- Ovulation
- Fertilization (Zygote)
- Clevage (Morula)
- Blastulation (Blastocyst)
- Implantation
order: cleavage, ovulation, implantation, fertilization, blastulation
- Ovulation
- Fertilization (Zygote)
- Clevage (Morula)
- Blastulation (Blastocyst)
- Implantation
Clevage:
Blastulation:
Clevage: Morula
Blastulation: Blastocyst
development story (image)
blastocyst (study)
label
Trophoblast: forms placenta
Blastocoele: cavity
embryoblast/inner cell mass: becomes the embryo
what is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?
embryoblast
*becomes embryo
label
what forms the placenta?
trophoblast
label
bilaminar disc contains the (2)
epiblast and hypoblast
label
gastrulation: epiblasts –> ___ germ layers
three
gastrulation is when the layer of _____ creates ____ ____
Gastrulation:
Epiblasts create germ layers
*ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
label
_____ is an enlarged group of cells that plays a key role in neurulation, the process that forms the neural tube and central nervous system
primitive node
Gastrulation: primitive ___
Neurulation: primitive ___
Gastrulation: primitive streak
Neurulation: primitive node
neurulation contains the… (6)
- Notocord
- Neural plate
- Neural groove
- Neural folds
- Neural tube
- Neural crest
how many pharyngeal arches?
5 pharyngeal arches
1,2,3,4,6
label (right side)
each pharyngeal arch contains (3)
artery, cartilage, nerve
label
label
label
label
Arch 1 Skeletal Structures (5)
Meckel’s Cartilage
Mandible
Malleus
Incus
Sphenomandibular ligament
Arch 2 Skeletal Structures (5)
Reichert’s cartilage
Lesser horn of hyoid bone
Styloid process
Stapes
Stylohyoid ligament
Pharyngeal Arch 1: muscles and nerve
Pharyngeal Arch 2: muscles and nerve
Pharyngeal 3rd Arch Formation
Skeletal Derivative:
Muscle Derivative:
Nerve:
Skeletal Derivative - Lower part of the Hyoid Bone
Muscle Derivative - Stylopharyngeus
Nerve – CN IX Glossopharyngeal n.
Pharyngeal 4-6th Arch Formation
Skeletal Derivative:
Muscle Derivative:
Nerve:
Skeletal Derivative – Cartilage of Larynx
Muscle Derivative – Muscles of the Pharynx and Larynx
Nerve – CN X Vagus Nerve (Motor and sensory)
arch migration forms the ___ ____
fascial planes
cervical fascia are sheets of
fibrous connective tissue (deep to skin)
the cervical fascia wraps….
Wrap the anatomy of the neck to form compartments
*muscular, vascular, and visceral compartments
Infections are ____ likely to penetrate fascia, muscles, bones, arterial walls, etc…
less
More likely to travel along these surfaces
are infections more likely to penetrate fascia/muscles/bones or travel along their surfaces?
travel along their surfaces
label
superficial fascia
superficial fascia migration from…
2nd paryngeal arch
superficial fascia:
nerve–
muscles–
Nerve – CN VII Facial Nerve
Muscles – muscles of facial expression group (in face)
- Platysma
Platysma (where, what nerve, function)
Where: skin below clavicle, upper thorax to Mandible, oral muscles
Nerve: Facial nerve CN VII
Function: Tenses skin of the neck
pretracheal fascia parts
Pretracheal Fascia (3 Parts):
Muscular
Visceral
Buccopharyngeal
Investing Fascia (where, nerve, muscles)
where: superficial layer of deep fascia
nerve: CN XI Accessory Nerve
muscles: SCM and trapezius
pink: investing fascia
yellow: muscles (SCM, trapezius)
Infrahyoid muscles (4)
Omohyoid m.
Sternohyoid m.
Thyrohyoid m.
Sternothyroid m
pink: muscularis fascia
purple: infrahyoid muscles
label
the infrahyoid muscles do what?
depress the hyoid bone and larynx
*swallowing and vocalization
When working with Suprahyoid m., ______can depress the mandible
Infrahyoid muscles
Pretracheal Fascia: Visceral Fascia – ___ ____
Pretracheal Fascia: Visceral Fascia – Thyroid Gland
blue: visceral fascia
yellow: thyroid gland
green?
green: buccopharyngeal fascia
prevertebral fascia wraps…
wraps around dorsal muscles.
prevertebral fascia
Prevertebral fascia contains what muscles? (7)
Longus coli m.
Longus Capitis m.
Anterior Scalene
Middle Scalene
Posterior Scalene
Levator Scapulae m.
Deep back muscles
what muscles reside anterior to the spinal cord?
Longus coli m.
Longus Capitis m.
Prevertebral fascia - Longus coli m. parts
Superior oblique part:
C3-C5 transverse processes to anterior tubercle of the atlas C1
Vertical part:
C5-T3 body to C2-C4 body
Inferior Oblique part:
T1-T3 body to C5-C6 transverse
process
Prevertebral fascia - Longus Capitis m. part
Transverse processes of C3-C6 to occipital bone.
Longus coli m. and Longus Capitis m. functions
-Bilateral: Flexes head
-Unilateral: Tilts and slightly rotates head to same side
Prevertebral fascia parts (3)
Ant scalene
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene
Anterior and Middle Scalene muscle attachments
Transverse processes (C3-C7) to 1st Rib
Posterior scalene muscle attachments
Transverse processes (C3-C7) to 2nd Rib
function of anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles
tilt head laterally
elevate first and second rib during respiration
levator scapulae m. attachments
transverse process of C1-C4 to Scapula
posterior triangle muscles
Levator Scapulae
Posterior scalene
Middle scalene
Ant scalene
Inferior belly of Omohyoid
purple: alar space
green: retropharyngeal space
yellow: sympathetic trunk
orange: prevertebral fascia
label
blue: internal jugular v.
red: carotid a.
yellow: vagus n.
brown: carotid sheath
label
red: anterior triangle of the neck
blue: posterior triangle of the neck
separated by SCM
borders of posterior traingle
SCM
trapezius
clavicle
investing fascia
(yellow: SCM and trapezius)
prevertebral fascia
omohyoid m
regions of the anterior triangle (4)
Submental triangle
Submandibular triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle
submandibular triangle muscles (3) and other structures (4)
Muscles (Suprahyoid m.)
Digastric Muscle
Stylohyoid Muscle
Mylohyoid Muscle
Other structures
Submandibular gland
Submandibular lymph nodes
Lingual and Facial arteries
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
submandibular triangle muscles (3)
Muscles (Suprahyoid m.)
Digastric Muscle
Stylohyoid Muscle
Mylohyoid Muscle
submental triangle muscles and other structure
Muscles:
Suprahyoid m.
Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
(deep, in oral cavity)
*Submental lymph nodes
Submental Triangle + Submandibular Triangle
muscle goups (4) and functions
4 Suprahyoid muscles group:
- Geniohyoid (genial tubercles of mandible to hyoid bone, C1)
- Mylohyoid (mylohyoid line of mandible to hyoid bone, V3)
- Ant Belly of digastric (digastric fossa of mandible to intermediate tendon-attached to hyoid, V3)
- Post Belly of digastric (mastoid process to intermediate tendon, VII)
- Stylohyoid (styloid process to hyoid bone, CNVII)
Function:
- Accessory muscles of mastication
- Elevate and move hyoid bone forward – aids in swallowing
- Depress/Open the mandible
function of Submental Triangle + Submandibular Triangle
- Accessory muscles of mastication
- Elevate and move hyoid bone forward – aids in swallowing
- Depress/Open the mandible
carotid triangle contents (3)
carotid a.
vagus n.
internal jugular v.
wrapped by the carotid sheath
what wraps the carotid triangle contents?
carotid sheath
carotid triangle
Submental Triangle
+
Submandibular Triangle
submental triangle
submandibular triangle
muscular triangle (infrahyoid m.)
muscular triangle contains (4)
- Omohyoid (Superior Belly)
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thyrohyoid
*infrahyoid muscles
what are the infrahyoid muscles?
- Omohyoid (Superior Belly)
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thyrohyoid
what do all the infrahyoid muscles do?
depress the hyoid bone and larynx
infrahyoid muscles work with the suprahyoid m., they can _____
depress the mandible
What muscle triangle assist vocalization and swallowing?
muscular triangle
- Omohyoid (Superior Belly)
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thyrohyoid
suboccipital region is innervated by the…
dorsal rami of C1
travels through…
travels through the transverse foramen
four muscles of suboccipital region
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Obliquus Capitis Superior
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
1: rectus capitis posterior minor
2: rectus capitis posterior major
3: oblique capitis inferior
4: oblique capitis superior
red: brachiocephalic trunk
purple: common carotid artery
green: right subclavian artery
carotid arteries (2)
Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)
-Supplies Brain
External Carotid Artery (ECA)
-Supplies Neck and Face
internal carotid artery supplies the
brain
external carotid artery supplies the
neck and face
Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) supplies the…
brain
External Carotid Artery (ECA) supplies the
neck and face
red: internal carotid artery
green: carotid sinus
yellow: carotid body
baroreceptors: function and nerve
pressure regulation
CN IX
chemoreceptors: functions and nerve
O2/CO2, pH, temperature regulation
CN IX
external carotid artery
external carotid artery branches (8)
superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
lingual artery
facial artery
occipital artery
posterior auricular artery
maxillary artery
superficial temporal artery
superior thyroid artery supply (5)
Ant strap muscles
Thyroid cartilage
Larynx
Thyroid gland
SCM
ascending pharyngeal artery supply (2)
Pharyngeal muscles
Inner tympanic region
lingual artery branches (3)
dorsal lingual artery
sublingual artery
deep lingual artery
dorsal lingual artery supplies (4)
posterior portion of the tongue
tonsils
soft palate
epiglottis
sublingual artery supplies (4)
sublingual gland
oral mucosa (mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth)
contributes to of vasc. of gingiva
mylohyoid muscle
deep lingual artery supplies (1)
anterior portion of tongue
facial artery supplies
superficial face and muscles
occipital artery supplies (3)
Suboccipital muscles
Dorsal muscles
Skin and scalp (dorsum)
posterior auricular artery supplies (2)
Inner/middle ear
Posterolateral scalp
superficial temporal artery supplies
temporal and zygomatic region muscles and bone
superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
label top three
facial artery
occipital artery
posterior auricular artery
subclavian artery branches
subclavian artery branches (3)
1st: vertebral artery
2nd: thyrocervical trunk
3rd: costocervical trunk
vertebral artery
vertbral artery supplies the ___ and enters through the ____
brainstem
foramen magnum
red: thyrocervical trunk
purple: inferior thyroid artery
brown: ascending cervical artery
green: transverse cervical artery
yellow: suprascapular artery
thyrocervical trunk branches (3)
inferior thyroid artery
transverse cervical artery
suprascapular artery
ascending cervical artery supplies
muscles of neck
transverse cervical artery supplies
trapezius muscle
suprascapular artery supplies
scapular region
red: thyroid gland
green: isthmus
pink: endocrine gland
role of thyroid gland (4)
metabolism
development
blood Ca2+ regulation (decrease bone deposition)
communication with pituitary gland (via hormones)
what branches off the external carotid artery and supply the thyroid?
superior thyroid artery
what branches off the thyrocervical trunk and supply the thyroid?
inferior thyroid artery
what supplies (artery) the thyroid artery?
superior thyroid artery
inferior thyroid artery
supplies the thyroid?
superior thyroid artery (off external carotid artery)
inferior thyroid artery (off thyrocervical trunk)
what supplies the deep neck muscles?
deep cervical artery
what supplies the upper ribs and deep neck muscles?
costocervical trunk
venous drainage of the head/neck (3)
external jugular vein
internal jugular vein
anterior jugular vein
external jugular vein drains…
scalp
posterior and lateral neck
internal jugular vein drains…
brain
face
some anterior neck
anterior jugular vein drains…
anterior neck
external jugular vein drains into the…
left and right subclavian vein
superior temporal vein and maxillary vein join to form the…
retromandibular vein
retromandibular vein joins the facial vein to drain into the…
internal jugular vein
label below chin
thyroid gland venous drainage into…
internal jugular vein
thyroid gland venous drainage (3)
Superior Thyroid Vein
Middle Thyroid Vein
Inferior Thyroid Vein
inferior thyroid vein drains into
left and right brachiocephalic veins
anterior jugular vein drains ____ (2) into ____
drains facial vein and anterior neck
into the subclavian vein
superficial lymphatic drainage from (2)
scalp
face
deep cervical lymph nodes (lymph chain) surround and run down the ___
internal jugular vein
deep cervical lymph nodes and internal jugular vein are surrounded by the ___
carotid sheath
Thoracic Duct
where is the thoracic duct (left)?
left jugulosubclavian junction
where does the right lymphatic duct terminate?
at the right jugulosubclavian junction
study
head and neck exam
palption
what drains the thyroid? (3)
Superior Thyroid Vein
Middle Thyroid Vein
Inferior Thyroid Vein
cancer tends to spread through_____
lymph nodes
where do lymph nodes tend to follow?
jugular veins
where does the right lymphatic duct drain?
where does the left lymphatic duct drain?
study
what are the fascial planes? (6)
superficial fascia
deep fascia
-deep investing fascia
-pretracheal fascia
-carotid sheath
-prevertebral fascia
platysma muscle arises at the ____ and goes down to the fascia of the clavicle/pectoralis major muscle
corner of the mouth
what muscle is within the superficial fascia?
platysma
what does the deep investing fascia envelope?
SCM
trapezius
what forms the roof of the posterior triangle?
deep investing fascia
What vein resides superficial to the deep investing fascia?
external jugular vein
pretracheal fascia
what is within the pretracheal fascia (5)?
thyroid
trachea
esophagus
recurrent laryngeal nerves
parathyroid glands
prevertebral fascia
muscles?
the axillary sheath envelopes the ____ and is made of the ____
envelopes the brachial plexus
made of the prevertebral fascia
what forms the floor of the posterior triangle?
prevertebral fascia
alar fascia is part of the ____
prevertebral fascia
what are two spaces in the cervical fascia?
retropharyngeal space
danger space
what causes the retropharyngeal space to extend?
abscesses
infections
*restrict swallowing and breathing
what fascia separates the retropharyngeal space and danger space?
alar fascia (prevertebral fascia)
posterior triangle borders, roof, floor
borders: SCM, trapezius, clavicle
roof: deep investing fascia
floor: prevertebral fascia
what are the four sub triangles within the anterior triangle of the neck?
submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle
study
study
what are somatic neck muscles?
derived from somite
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid
anterior, middle, posterior scalene m.
levator scapulae
what are the brachial arch neck muscles?
SCM
Trapezius
platysma
all arteries of the neck :/
subclavian arteries
- vertebral arteries
- thyrocervical trunk
common carotid arteries
- internal carotid artery
- carotid sinus and body
external carotid artery
- superior thyroid artery
- lingual artery
- facial artery
- ascending pharyngeal artery
- occipital artery
- posterior auricular artery
- maxillary artery
- superficial temporal artery
what two arteries are the major blood suppliers to the brain?
internal carotid artery (anterior of brain)
vertebral artery (posterior of brain)
the carotid sinus is a _____ (can sense changes in BP)
baroreceptor
what structure of the arteries of the neck is a baroreceptor?
carotid sinus (base of internal carotid artery)
what can trigger a sympathetic/parasympathetic response to low or high blood pressure?
the carotid sinus via a baroflex (baroreceptor)
the carotid body is a _____ (senses changes in blood O2/CO2)
chemorecpetor
what structure (in the arteries of the neck) can sense changes in blood O2/CO2?
carotid body (chemoreceptor)
where is the carotid body?
between the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery
order of branches from the external carotid artery
superior thyroid artery
lingual artery
facial artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
occipital artery
posterior auricula artery
maxillary artery
superficial temporal artery