Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Flashcards
what organ performs these functions?
drug metabolism
protein synthesis
endocrine/exocrine
production /excretion of bile
modification of blood contents
and more
liver
what factors in dentistry are impacted by the liver/gallbladder/pancreas?
pharmacology
system toxicity
organ transplant patients
blood dyscrasias
where is the gallbladder in relation to the liver?
inferior/deep to liver
what parts of the liver do not have the visceral peritoneum covering it?
bare area (exposed directly to the diaphragm)
gallbladder fossa
porta hepatis
what is the capsule of the liver called?
visceral peritoneum
falciform ligament connects what?
liver to the anterior abdominal wall
hepatogastric ligament connects what
connects the stomach to the liver
hepatoduodenal ligament connects what
connects the liver to the duodenum?
atrial supply of the liver
what is the main vein that enters the liver?
portal vein
blood from the spleen, pancreas. gallbladder, and abdominal segment of the GI tract empty into the…
portal vein
splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the..
portal vein
what does the portal vein enter through?
porta hepatis of the liver
what structures go through the fissures of liver?
right/left hepatic arteries
portal vein
cystic ducts
portal vein enters the liver and then …
branches
how many functional lobes of the liver?
8
liver: endocrine secretes ____ the blood
secretes INTO the blood
liver: exocrine secretes ____ epithelium
exocrine secretes ONTO epithelium
the liver controls _____ metabolism
drug
liver functions: protein synthesis of…
carrier proteins
clotting cascade
serum albumin
proteinaceous hormones
liver controls the production and secretion of ___
bile
liver can perform ______ of blood contents
modifications
study
liver converts ____ to ___
ammonia to urea
liver removes ____ (4)
bacteria
bilirubin
poisons
toxins
liver introduces _____ drugs
metabolized drugs (in safe form)
liver makes and introduces … (5)
proteins
amino acids
blood clotting factors
cholesterol
immune factors
functions of liver
Regulating blood levels of amino acids
Processing hemoglobin
Clears bilirubin from red blood cells
Removes bacteria, poisons, and toxins
Converts toxic ammonia into urea
Makes and introduces amino acids, blood clotting factors, immune factors, and proteins into the blood
Metabolism or biotransformation of drugs
liver cells
Hepatocytes
Stellate cells
Sinusoidal endothelial cells
Kuppfer cells
Epithelial cells of biliary tree
Hepatic stem cells
Natural killer lymphocytes
Connective tissue cells
hepatocytes are ___% of liver
80%
hepatocytes are sites of ____ productions
bile
hepatocytes synthesize different factors that gets introduced into the ____
blood
hepatocytes are sites of _____
detoxification
hepatocytes are sites of …. (2)
bile production
detoxification
kupffer cells remove _____ and debris from the portal blood
bacteria
kupffer cells secrete ____
cytokines
kupffer cells are specialized _____ within sinusoidal lining that are derived from regular monocytes
macrophages
kupffer cells _______ aged RBC from hepatic circulation
phagocytose
hepatic stellate cells also known as…
Ito Cells
hepatic stellate cells the “____ ___” of the liver
storage cells
where are hepatic stellate cells found?
space of disse
hepatic stellate cells store ___ & __________
fat & fat soluble vitamines (like Vit A - retinol)
80-90% of body’s retinoids are stored as fat droplets of _____ ____
retinyl ester
*hepatic stellate cells
hepatic stellate cells are responsible for replacing damaged _____ with collagenous scar tissue
What is this called?
Responsible for replacing damaged hepatocytes with collagenous scar tissue
process known as hepatofibrosis
hepatic lobule contains the…(3)
central vein
portal triad (hepatic artery, portal venule, biliary dectule)
sinusoids
what is in the portal triad?
hepatic artery
portal venule
biliary ductule
glucose metabolism is called
gluconeogenesis
sugar to glucose
glucose storage: sugar is stored as ____
glycogen
need flashcards for nutrioent metabolism
???? slide28
HMG-CoA Reductase
cholesterol synthesis
cholesterol synthesis mainly occurs in the ___
liver
cholesterol synthesis is made from ______
acetyl-CoA
urea cycle
urea cycle: what makes carbamoyl phosphate?
ATP
NH4+
CO2
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
what are some factors that cause hepatitis?
Fatty liver disease (Non-Alcoholic)
Infections: Bacterial, Fungal, Viral- Hep A, B, C, D, E
Autoimmune Disorders
Genetic Diseases
Chemical Agents
Alcohol
Toxins
AST and ALT
steatosis
abnormal retention of fat in the cells of an organ
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is in people with:
Type II Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, high triglycerides)
Obesity
alcoholic fatty liver disease is a reduced form of ______ and promotes the synthesis of _____
reduced form of NADH
synthesis of fatty acids
liver fibrosis
excess extracellular matrix proteins (including collagen)
large collection of collagen-rich tissue
can liver fibrosis be reversed?
yes
it can be reversed
liver cirrhosis symptoms
bleeding problems
jaundice
swelling of lower extremities
fluid accumulation in the abdomen
nausea
fatigue
confusion
slurred speech
most common form of liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma
liver cancer is most commonly caused by:
large amounts of alcohol consumption
fatty liver damage
Hep B and C infections
Hepatitis viral examples
Hep A
Hep B
Hep C
Hep D & E
what is the most common type of hepatitis?
viral hepatitis
transmission of hep B virus
blood, semen, bodily fluids
can survive outside the body
can be transferred from mother to newborn
symp: abdominal pain, dark urine, joint pain, clay-colored bowel movement s
Liver hepatitis: Hep C transmissions **
blood clotting factor concentrates made before 1987
blood transfusion or solid organ transplants 1992
chronic hemodialysis patients
secondary result of HIV infection
mother to newborn
Stigma: viral infection is caused by IV drugs
Hep C
it is not only due to IV drugs. here are examples
blood clotting factor concentrates made before 1987
blood transfusion or solid organ transplants 1992
chronic hemodialysis patients
secondary result of HIV infection
mother to newborn
hepatitis: Hep D needs ____ to work
Hep B
Hepatitis: Hep E is ___-____
self-limiting
genetic/inherited disorders of liver
hemochromatosis (iron overload)
Wilson’s Disease (copper excretion deficiency)
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency (unable to fight infections, controls neutrophil elastase which helps body fight infections)
types of jaundice
bilirubin (normal)
pre-hepatic/hemolytic (RBCs broken down faster)
hepatocellular (distribution of metabolism and/or excretion of bilirubin)
Wilson’s disease symptoms?????
bile production ca be up to ____mL/day
1000
what is in bile?
cholic acid
salts
electrolytes
cholesterol
fatty acids
bilirubin
bile production aids in the digestion of ______ (3)
cholesterol
fats
fat-soluble vitamins
where does bile production occur?
inside liver cell
bile production flows ___ of venous blood
opposite
bile canaliculi
path of bile in words
hepatocytes make bile that go through bile canaliculi and travel through the canals of hearing to the bile ductules of the portal triad. then goes through bile ductules and collects in R/L hepatic ducts and through the common hepatic duct and is stored (concentrated) in the gallbladder
gallbladder anatomy
gallbladder blood supply
cystic artery
cystic veins
gallbladder: food entering the GI tract stimulates the release of ______. then what?
cholecystokinin
then, the gallbladder contracts and bile enters the duodenum
gall stones
collection of precipitated bile components in gallbladder
pancreas anatomy
uncinate process of pancreas
pancreatic duct system
accessory pancreatic duct
major duodenal papilla (duodenum)
pancreatic arterial supply
endocrine functions of the pancreas
Regulating blood sugar
Secrete insulin
Secrete glucagon
Secrete Somatostatin
Pancreatic peptide
exocrine functions of pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juices into the duodenum
–Bicarbonate
–Digestive enzymes
pancreatic islets
Alpha- produce Glucagon.
Beta- Are sensitive to glucose concentrations in the blood. When glucose level is high, beta cells secrete insulin into the blood . When blood glucose levels are low, secretion of insulin is inhibited.
Delta- Somatostatin
Epsilon- Ghrelin is known as the ”hunger hormone.”
Gamma- Pancreatic peptides are peptide hormones that regulate pancreatic secretions.
pancreatic islets: alpha
Alpha- produce Glucagon.
Glucagon is primarily responsible for promoting the release of glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream. It is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body.
The processes it promotes are both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which are processes that differ in the manner they introduce glucose into the blood.
pancreatic islets: beta
Beta- Are sensitive to glucose concentrations in the blood.
When glucose level is high, beta cells secrete insulin into the blood . When blood glucose levels are low, secretion of insulin is inhibited.
Insulin is considered the main anabolic hormone of the body. Once absorbed into these tissues, the glucose is either converted into glycogen via glycogenesis, or converted into fats via lipogenesis.
pancreatic islets: Delta
Delta- Somatostatin
pancreatic islets: epsilon
Epsilon - Ghreli
“hunger hormone”
pancreatic islets: gamma
Gamma- Pancreatic peptides are peptide hormones that regulate pancreatic secretions.
