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Human Form & Function > Liver Gallbladder Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what organ performs these functions?
drug metabolism
protein synthesis
endocrine/exocrine
production /excretion of bile
modification of blood contents
and more

A

liver

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2
Q

what factors in dentistry are impacted by the liver/gallbladder/pancreas?

A

pharmacology
system toxicity
organ transplant patients
blood dyscrasias

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3
Q

where is the gallbladder in relation to the liver?

A

inferior/deep to liver

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4
Q

what parts of the liver do not have the visceral peritoneum covering it?

A

bare area (exposed directly to the diaphragm)
gallbladder fossa
porta hepatis

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5
Q

what is the capsule of the liver called?

A

visceral peritoneum

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6
Q

falciform ligament connects what?

A

liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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7
Q

hepatogastric ligament connects what

A

connects the stomach to the liver

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8
Q

hepatoduodenal ligament connects what

A

connects the liver to the duodenum?

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9
Q

atrial supply of the liver

A
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10
Q

what is the main vein that enters the liver?

A

portal vein

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11
Q

blood from the spleen, pancreas. gallbladder, and abdominal segment of the GI tract empty into the…

A

portal vein

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12
Q

splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the..

A

portal vein

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13
Q

what does the portal vein enter through?

A

porta hepatis of the liver

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14
Q

what structures go through the fissures of liver?

A

right/left hepatic arteries
portal vein
cystic ducts

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15
Q

portal vein enters the liver and then …

A

branches

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16
Q

how many functional lobes of the liver?

A

8

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17
Q

liver: endocrine secretes ____ the blood

A

secretes INTO the blood

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18
Q

liver: exocrine secretes ____ epithelium

A

exocrine secretes ONTO epithelium

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19
Q

the liver controls _____ metabolism

A

drug

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20
Q

liver functions: protein synthesis of…

A

carrier proteins
clotting cascade
serum albumin
proteinaceous hormones

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21
Q

liver controls the production and secretion of ___

A

bile

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22
Q

liver can perform ______ of blood contents

A

modifications

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23
Q

study

A
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24
Q

liver converts ____ to ___

A

ammonia to urea

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25
Q

liver removes ____ (4)

A

bacteria
bilirubin
poisons
toxins

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26
Q

liver introduces _____ drugs

A

metabolized drugs (in safe form)

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27
Q

liver makes and introduces … (5)

A

proteins
amino acids
blood clotting factors
cholesterol
immune factors

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28
Q

functions of liver

A

Regulating blood levels of amino acids

Processing hemoglobin

Clears bilirubin from red blood cells

Removes bacteria, poisons, and toxins

Converts toxic ammonia into urea

Makes and introduces amino acids, blood clotting factors, immune factors, and proteins into the blood

Metabolism or biotransformation of drugs

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29
Q

liver cells

A

Hepatocytes
Stellate cells
Sinusoidal endothelial cells
Kuppfer cells
Epithelial cells of biliary tree
Hepatic stem cells
Natural killer lymphocytes
Connective tissue cells

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30
Q

hepatocytes are ___% of liver

A

80%

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31
Q

hepatocytes are sites of ____ productions

A

bile

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32
Q

hepatocytes synthesize different factors that gets introduced into the ____

A

blood

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33
Q

hepatocytes are sites of _____

A

detoxification

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34
Q

hepatocytes are sites of …. (2)

A

bile production
detoxification

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35
Q

kupffer cells remove _____ and debris from the portal blood

A

bacteria

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36
Q

kupffer cells secrete ____

A

cytokines

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37
Q

kupffer cells are specialized _____ within sinusoidal lining that are derived from regular monocytes

A

macrophages

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38
Q

kupffer cells _______ aged RBC from hepatic circulation

A

phagocytose

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39
Q

hepatic stellate cells also known as…

A

Ito Cells

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40
Q

hepatic stellate cells the “____ ___” of the liver

A

storage cells

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41
Q

where are hepatic stellate cells found?

A

space of disse

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42
Q

hepatic stellate cells store ___ & __________

A

fat & fat soluble vitamines (like Vit A - retinol)

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43
Q

80-90% of body’s retinoids are stored as fat droplets of _____ ____

A

retinyl ester
*hepatic stellate cells

44
Q

hepatic stellate cells are responsible for replacing damaged _____ with collagenous scar tissue

What is this called?

A

Responsible for replacing damaged hepatocytes with collagenous scar tissue

process known as hepatofibrosis

45
Q

hepatic lobule contains the…(3)

A

central vein
portal triad (hepatic artery, portal venule, biliary dectule)
sinusoids

46
Q

what is in the portal triad?

A

hepatic artery
portal venule
biliary ductule

47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q

glucose metabolism is called

A

gluconeogenesis

sugar to glucose

50
Q

glucose storage: sugar is stored as ____

A

glycogen

51
Q

need flashcards for nutrioent metabolism

A
52
Q

HMG-CoA Reductase????

A
53
Q

cholesterol synthesis mainly occurs in the ___

A

liver

54
Q

cholesterol synthesis is made from ______

A

acetyl-CoA

55
Q

urea cycle

A
56
Q

urea cycle: what makes carbamoyl phosphate?

A

ATP

NH4+

CO2

57
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

58
Q

what are some factors that cause hepatitis?

A

Fatty liver disease (Non-Alcoholic)

Infections: Bacterial, Fungal, Viral- Hep A, B, C, D, E

Autoimmune Disorders

Genetic Diseases

Chemical Agents

Alcohol

Toxins

AST and ALT

59
Q

steatosis

A

abnormal retention of fat in the cells of an organ

60
Q

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is in people with:

A

Type II Diabetes

Metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, high triglycerides)

Obesity

61
Q

alcoholic fatty liver disease is a reduced form of ______ and promotes the synthesis of _____

A

reduced form of NADH
synthesis of fatty acids

62
Q

liver fibrosis

A

excess extracellular matrix proteins (including collagen)

large collection of collagen-rich tissue

63
Q

can liver fibrosis be reversed?

A

yes
it can be reversed

64
Q

liver cirrhosis symptoms

A

bleeding problems
jaundice
swelling of lower extremities
fluid accumulation in the abdomen
nausea
fatigue
confusion
slurred speech

65
Q

most common form of liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

66
Q

liver cancer is most commonly caused by:

A

large amounts of alcohol consumption

fatty liver damage

Hep B and C infections

67
Q
A
68
Q
A
69
Q
A
70
Q
A
71
Q
A
72
Q

Hepatitis viral examples

A

Hep A
Hep B
Hep C
Hep D & E

73
Q

what is the most common type of hepatitis?

A

viral hepatitis

74
Q

transmission of hep B virus

A

blood, semen, bodily fluids
can survive outside the body
can be transferred from mother to newborn

symp: abdominal pain, dark urine, joint pain, clay-colored bowel movement s

75
Q

Liver hepatitis: Hep C transmissions **

A

blood clotting factor concentrates made before 1987

blood transfusion or solid organ transplants 1992

chronic hemodialysis patients

secondary result of HIV infection

mother to newborn

76
Q

Stigma: viral infection is caused by IV drugs

A

Hep C

it is not only due to IV drugs. here are examples

blood clotting factor concentrates made before 1987

blood transfusion or solid organ transplants 1992

chronic hemodialysis patients

secondary result of HIV infection

mother to newborn

77
Q

hepatitis: Hep D needs ____ to work

A

Hep B

78
Q

Hepatitis: Hep E is ___-____

A

self-limiting

79
Q

genetic/inherited disorders of liver

A

hemochromatosis (iron overload)

Wilson’s Disease (copper excretion deficiency)

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency (unable to fight infections, controls neutrophil elastase which helps body fight infections)

80
Q

types of jaundice

A

bilirubin (normal)

pre-hepatic/hemolytic (RBCs broken down faster)

hepatocellular (distribution of metabolism and/or excretion of bilirubin)

81
Q

Wilson’s disease symptoms?????

A
82
Q

bile production ca be up to ____mL/day

A

1000

83
Q

what is in bile?

A

cholic acid
salts
electrolytes
cholesterol
fatty acids
bilirubin

84
Q

bile production aids in the digestion of ______ (3)

A

cholesterol
fats
fat-soluble vitamins

85
Q

where does bile production occur?

A

inside liver cell

86
Q

bile production flows ___ of venous blood

A

opposite

87
Q

bile canaliculi

A
88
Q

path of bile in words

A

hepatocytes make bile that go through bile canaliculi and travel through the canals of hearing to the bile ductules of the portal triad. then goes through bile ductules and collects in R/L hepatic ducts and through the common hepatic duct and is stored (concentrated) in the gallbladder

89
Q

gallbladder anatomy

A
90
Q

gallbladder blood supply

A

cystic artery
cystic veins

91
Q

gallbladder: food entering the GI tract stimulates the release of ______. then what?

A

cholecystokinin

then, the gallbladder contracts and bile enters the duodenum

92
Q

gall stones

A

collection of precipitated bile components in gallbladder

93
Q

pancreas anatomy

A
94
Q

uncinate process of pancreas

A
95
Q

pancreatic duct system

A
96
Q

accessory pancreatic duct

A

major duodenal papilla (duodenum)

97
Q

pancreatic arterial supply

A
98
Q

endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

Regulating blood sugar
Secrete insulin
Secrete glucagon
Secrete Somatostatin
Pancreatic peptide

99
Q

exocrine functions of pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juices into the duodenum
–Bicarbonate
–Digestive enzymes

100
Q

pancreatic islets

A

Alpha- produce Glucagon.

Beta- Are sensitive to glucose concentrations in the blood. When glucose level is high, beta cells secrete insulin into the blood . When blood glucose levels are low, secretion of insulin is inhibited.

Delta- Somatostatin

Epsilon- Ghrelin is known as the ”hunger hormone.”

Gamma- Pancreatic peptides are peptide hormones that regulate pancreatic secretions.

101
Q

pancreatic islets: alpha

A

Alpha- produce Glucagon.

Glucagon is primarily responsible for promoting the release of glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream. It is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body.

The processes it promotes are both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which are processes that differ in the manner they introduce glucose into the blood.

102
Q

pancreatic islets: beta

A

Beta- Are sensitive to glucose concentrations in the blood.

When glucose level is high, beta cells secrete insulin into the blood . When blood glucose levels are low, secretion of insulin is inhibited.

Insulin is considered the main anabolic hormone of the body. Once absorbed into these tissues, the glucose is either converted into glycogen via glycogenesis, or converted into fats via lipogenesis.

103
Q

pancreatic islets: Delta

A

Delta- Somatostatin

104
Q

pancreatic islets: epsilon

A

Epsilon - Ghreli
“hunger hormone”

105
Q

pancreatic islets: gamma

A

Gamma- Pancreatic peptides are peptide hormones that regulate pancreatic secretions.

Human Form & Function (27 decks)

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