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Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis means “ “?

A

“same state”

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2
Q

feedback mechanisms involve what four features?

A

system variable: regulated parameter
set point: optimal setting
detector: sensor mechanism
corrective mechanism

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3
Q

endocrinology?

A

the study of hormone action and the endocrine system

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4
Q

hormones are?

A

chemical messengers secreted into the blood by specialized cells

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5
Q

what do hormones do? (3)

A

Alter the rates of various metabolic processes in target cells.*

Act at very low concentrations: nano- to pico-molar range (10-9 to 10-12).

Control long-term homeostatic processes (growth, development, metabolism,
reproduction and internal environment regulation)

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6
Q

hormones act by binding receptors on or in what?

A

target cells

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7
Q

Hormones act by binding receptors on or in target cells to control (3)

A

the rates of enzymatic reactions

the movement of ions or molecules across membranes

gene expression and protein synthesis

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8
Q

hormones my act in (4)

A

neurocrine
endocrine
paracrine
autocrine fashion

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9
Q

Where are most hormones produced and released?

A

endocrine glands

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10
Q

neurocrine:
endocrine:
paracrine:
autocrine fashion:

A
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11
Q

Thyroid hormone: source and action

A

thyroid
Controls basal metabolism

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12
Q

source and action of Cortisol

A

adrenal cortex
energy metabolism, stress response

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13
Q

source and action of mineralocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex
Regulate plasma volume via effects on serum electrolytes

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14
Q

source and action of Vasopressin

A

posterior pituitary
Regulate plasma osmolality via effects on water excretion

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15
Q

source and action of parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid gland
Regulates calcium and phosphorous levels

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16
Q

source and action of insulin

A

pancreas
Regulates plasma glucose concentration

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17
Q

source and action of:
thyroid hormone
cortisol
mineralocorticoids
vasopressin
parathyroid hormone
insulin

A
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18
Q

hormone chemical classifications (3)

A
  1. Aminehormones (derivatives of tyrosine)
    a) Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
    b) Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine (T4))
  2. Peptidehormones (insulin)
  3. Steroid hormones (estrogen, androgens, cortisol)
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19
Q

hormone solubility (polarity) classifications (2)

A
  1. Lipophilic (nonpolar) = fat-soluble
    • Steroid hormones & thyroid hormones
    • Usually bind to intracellular receptors
  2. Hydrophilic (polar) = water-soluble
    • Peptide hormones and catecholamines
    • Usually bind to extracellular cell membrane receptors
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20
Q

Hydrophilic (water-soluble) hormones ____ diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membrane

A

cannot

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21
Q

hydrophilic hormones include both (2)

A

Peptide hormones
Catecholamines (amine-derived)

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22
Q

what do hydrophilic hormones not include?

A

thyroid hormones

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23
Q

secondary messenger signaling has ____ affect on transcription of target genes

A

indirect

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24
Q

The hormone (the 1st chemical message) initiates the signaling cascade by binding to receptors on the _____ of the membrane, which are coupled to a ____ that then activates an intracellular second messenger cascade for signal transduction

A

surface
G-proteins

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25
Q

the second messenger used by most water-soluble hormones is the ___

A

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

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26
Q
A
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27
Q
A
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28
Q

what is the derivative of the two groups of amine hormones?

A

tyrosine

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29
Q

what are the two groups of amine hormones?

A

thyroid hormones
catecholamines

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30
Q

what are the two groups of amine hormones? and what do they bind to?

A

thyroid hormones:
lipophilic, binds to nuclear receptors

catecholamines:
hydrophilic, binds to cell membrane receptors

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31
Q

thyroid hormones characteristics (3)

A

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
very long half-lives
nuclear receptors (lipophilic)

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32
Q

catecholamines characteristics (3)

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine
very short half-lives
membrane receptors (hydrophilic)

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33
Q

what are the most numerous hormones?

A

peptide hormones

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34
Q

peptide hormones are ___-soluble

A

water-soluble (hydrophilic)

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35
Q

peptide hormones have a ___ half-life

A

short

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36
Q

peptide hormones are cell membrane ____

A

receptors (2nd messenger system)

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37
Q

peptide hormones are produced as large precursors called

A

prohormones
*inactive

38
Q

prohormones or preprohormones are

39
Q

peptide hormone processing (4)

A
  1. gene transcription (nucleus)
  2. translation (cytoplasm)
  3. pre-secretory processing (Golgi)
  4. post-secretory processing (after secretion)
40
Q

steroid hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

41
Q

steroid hormones are ___-soluble

A

lipid
*intracellular receptors

42
Q

steroid hormones are ___ permeable through cell membranes

43
Q

steroid hormones are carried in plasma by

A

hormone-specific plasma binding globulins

44
Q

“Bound” fractions of steroid hormones serve as ____ for rapid release, as needed

45
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones cross the cell membrane to bind intracellular receptors. These include:

A
  • Steroid hormones
  • Thyroid hormones
46
Q

Hormone-receptor complex moves toward nuclear chromatin, binds to a cell’s DNA forming a complex, and acts ____ as a transcription factor regulating the transcription of the target gene to mRNA.

47
Q

intracellular hormone receptor pathway (words)

49
Q

Conversion of androgens to estrogens by

A

aromatase enzymes

50
Q

In postmenopausal women,_____ is the primary source of estrogens.

A

adipose tissue

53
Q

Negative feedback:

A

hormone shuts down either the stimulating or the releasing factors terminating the hormone action. (Homeostatic)

54
Q

positive feedback:

A

hormones enhance releasing and stimulating factors thus perpetuating additional hormone action. (i.e., as in partuition) (Non-homeostatic)

55
Q

In the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ feedback loops:
anterior pituitary (_____) and the posterior pituitary (_____) have different target organs and mechanisms of communication with their target organs

A

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

56
Q

Anterior pituitary aka

A

adenohypophysis

57
Q

Posterior pituitary aka

A

neurohypophysis

58
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is NOT a separate organ, but an extension of the

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

_____ ___connects the anterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

infundibular stalk

60
Q

osmolality:

A

how much of one substance is dissolved in another substance

61
Q

Serum osmolality

A

how much dissolved blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and sodium are in serum
275-299 mOsm

62
Q

Homeostatic feedback systems regulate

A

serum osmolality

63
Q

Vasopressin (ADH), is produced by the ____ and secreted at the posterior pituitary.

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

Vasopressin (ADH), is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted at the ___ ___

A

posterior pituitary

65
Q

The main control of vasopressin secretion is by

A

hypothalamic osmoreceptors

66
Q

vasopressin vs blocked

A

vasopressin: water is reabsorbed into the blood (decreased urine volume)

vasopressin blocked: water is NOT reabsorbed into the blood (increase urine volume)

68
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis is responsible for the body’s …

A

adaptive stress response

70
Q

implication on the body from HPA axis in response to stress

A

o digestion,
o the immune system,
o mood and emotions,
o sexuality,
o serum osmolality
o energy storage/expenditure

71
Q

All adrenocortical hormones are ____ hormone

72
Q

three adrenocortical hormones

A

mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa)
glucocorticoids (zona fasciculata)
adrenal androgens (zona reticularis)

73
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes _____ like (2)

A

catecholamines
EPI (epinephrine) and NE (norepinephrine)

74
Q

Aldosterone promotes ____ reabsorption and ____ excretion by the renal tubular epithelial cells of the collecting ducts.

A

sodium reabsorption
potassium excretion

75
Q

aldosterone also stimulates the secretion of … (not K)

76
Q

hypokalemia & muscle weakness, if aldosterone levels are

77
Q

hyperkalemia with cardiac toxicity, if aldosterone levels are

78
Q

aldosterone escape

A

Persistently elevated extracellular fluid volumes can cause pressure diuresis in the kidney

79
Q

Eosinophil and lymphocyte counts in the blood decrease with

A

atrophy of lymphoid tissue

80
Q

glucocorticoids effects (cortisol)

A

increased serum glucose and glycogen stores in liver

anti-inflammatory effects

81
Q

Hypothalamus is signaled by the following triggers to release corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (3)

A

normal circadian rhythm
stress
pro-inflammatory cytokines

82
Q

Anterior Pituitary is stimulated by ___ to release adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

83
Q

Adrenal gland stimulated by ACTH to increase ____ synthesis and secretion

84
Q

The glucocorticoid, cortisol, can feedback inhibit both ___ and ___ production/release at the pituitary or hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.

A

CRH and ACTH

85
Q

male sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

DHEA
DHEA sulfate (DHEAS)
androstenedione
11-hydroxyandrostenedione

86
Q

female sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

progesterone
estrogen

*via aromatization

87
Q

endocrine disorders

A

Endocrine gland hyposecretion (hormone deficiency)

Hormone resistance (Type II Diabetes Myelitis)

Hormone Excess (acromegaly, somatostatin, growth hormone)
- Graves Disease (thyroid hormone)

88
Q

diabetes:
Addison’s disease:
Gigantism:

A

Diabetes: the most common
endocrine disorder diagnosed in
the U.S.

Addison’s Disease: adrenal gland
releases too little cortisol

gigantism (acromegaly): excess growth hormone

89
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

excess ACTH results in overproduction of cortisol

Human Form & Function (48 decks)

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