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Human Form & Function > Male Physiology > Flashcards

Male Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

why is male physiology important to dentistry?

A

hormones impact:
salivary flow
bone loss
tooth loss
diseases
SjD (inflammation in salivary glands)

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2
Q

what is the relationship between male testosterone levels and Sjögren’s disease?

A

they are inversely related
SjD = decreased testosterone

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3
Q

Male reproductive organs have a dual function (2)

A
  1. Production/Transmission of germ cells (gametogenesis)
  2. Secretion of sex hormones
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4
Q

Testes secrete a large amount of ______ and small amounts of _____

A

androgens (testosterone)

estrogen

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5
Q

Male gonadotropic secretion occurs in a __-____ fashion with a slow
decrease with aging

A

non-cyclic

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6
Q

males maintain the ability to produce ___ ____ as they age

A

viable gametes

*ability to fertilize last longer with age

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

how many seminiferous
tubules per testis?

A

200-400 per testis

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9
Q

Spermatozoa are formed in the ___ of
seminiferous tubules from the primitive germ cells

A

walls

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10
Q

Spermatozoa are formed in the walls of
seminiferous tubules from the __ ___ cells

A

primitive germ cells

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11
Q

spermatogenesis

A

Spermatozoa are formed in the walls of
seminiferous tubules from the primitive germ cells

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12
Q

Both ends of each loop drain into a network of ducts in the head of the ____

A

epididymis

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13
Q

after drainage into the epididymis where do the spermatozoa go?

A

spermatozoa pass through the tail of the epididymis into the vas deferens

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14
Q

Both ends of each loop drain into a network of ducts in the head of the epididymis. From there, spermatozoa pass through the tail of the epididymis into the __ ___

A

vas deferens

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15
Q

after spermatozoa enter the vas deferens, they enter through the ___ ____ into the urethra

A

ejaculatory ducts

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16
Q

spermatozoa enter through the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra in the body of the _____ at the time of ejaculation

A

prostate

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17
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Tubules where spermatogenesis occurs

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18
Q

septa

A

Fibrous tissue that subdivides the testis into ~250 lobules

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19
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

fibromuscular connective tissue capsule of the testis

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20
Q

Rete Testis

A

tubules located in the hilum of the testicle that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts

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21
Q

epididymis

A

highly coiled, single tube that is a storage reservoir for spermatozoa

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22
Q

Vas Deferens

A

duct that transports sperm between the epididymis and the ejaculatory duct in anticipation of ejaculation

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23
Q

Between the tubules in the testes are nests of ___ ___

A

Leydig cells

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24
Q

Leydig cells

A

Secrete testosterone into the bloodstream

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25
Q

Blood spermatic arteries runs _____ but in the ______ direction to blood in the
spermatic veins

A

parallel
opposite

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26
Q

Blood spermatic arteries run parallel and opposite direction to blood in the
spermatic veins which allows for …

A

countercurrent exchange of heat
and testosterone

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27
Q

The composition of the fluid in the
seminiferous tubules is different from
plasma in what ways?

A

Contains low protein and glucose but is high in androgens, estrogens, K+, inositol, and glutamic and aspartic acids.

Maintenance of its composition depends on the blood testis barrier.

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28
Q

Blood-Testis barrier formed by tight
junctions of what cells?

A

Sertoli Cells

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29
Q

Blood-Testis barrier protects germ cells from:

A

Bloodborne pathogens/toxic agents

Blocks antigenic products of germ cell division from entering the circulation and generating an autoantibody response

Help establish an osmotic gradient that
facilitates the movement of fluid into the tubular lumen

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30
Q

what issues with male reproductive
system post SARS infection has been noticed?

A

Increased IgG in seminal fluid (change morphology and increased apoptosis)

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31
Q

The walls of the seminiferous tubules
are lined by what? (2)

A

primitive germ cells and Sertoli cells

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32
Q

Germ cells must stay in contact with
Sertoli cells to survive via ?

A

thru cytoplasmic bridges (CB)

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33
Q

Germ cells must stay in contact with
___ to survive; thru cytoplasmic
bridges (CB)

A

Sertoli cells

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34
Q

Cytoplasmic Bridge functions (3)

A
  • Tight junctions form a blood-testis
    barrier
  • Passing macromolecules between cells
  • Enables synchronous cell development
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35
Q

As cells (sertoli cells/primitive germ cells) mature, they pass from ____ to the ____

A

basal lamina region to the lumen

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36
Q

how do the mature cells in the blood-testis barrier move from the basal lamina region to the lumen?

A

Occurs by the coordinated breakdown of the tight junctions above the germ cells and the formation of new tight junctions below them

37
Q

What do the primitive germ cells of the seminiferous tubules mature into?

A

primary spermatocytes

38
Q

the maturing of the spermatogonia (primitive germ cells) into the primary spermatocytes occurs when?

A

during adolescence

39
Q

Each sperm is an intricate motile cell, rich in DNA, with a head that is made up mostly of ____ material

A

chromosomal

40
Q

Each sperm is an intricate motile cell, rich in ___, with a head that is
made up mostly of chromosomal material

A

DNA

41
Q

Acrosome

A

Head of sperm
(lysosome-like organelle rich in enzymes involved in sperm penetration of the ovum and other events associated with fertilization)

42
Q

the tail of sperm is wrapped in its proximal portion by a sheath holding many ___

A

mitochondria

43
Q

structure of sperm

A

head (acrosome - DNA rich)
tail (mitochondria)

44
Q

The ability of sperm to move forward is called

A

progressive motility

*acquired in the epididymis

45
Q

Spermatozoa leaving the testes are not fully ___

A

mobile

46
Q

sperm continue their maturation and acquire motility during their passage through the ___

A

epididymis

47
Q

sperm progressive motility involves the activation of cation channel proteins from the ___

A

CatSper family

48
Q

Once ejaculated into the female, the spermatozoa move up the uterus to the
uterine tubes, where they slow down and undergo ____

A

capacitation

49
Q

This further maturation process involves what two components?

A

increasing the motility of the spermatozoa

facilitating their preparation for the acrosome reaction

50
Q

Spermatogenesis requires a temperature considerably___ than that of the interior of the body

A

lower
(about 32°C)

51
Q

how do the testis stay cool?

A

air circulating around the scrotum

heat exchange in a countercurrent manner between the spermatic arteries
and veins

52
Q

the fluid that is ejected during orgasm contains what? (5)

A

sperm
secretions of seminal vesicles
secretions of prostate
secretions of Cowper glands
secretions of the urethral gland

53
Q

each milliliter of semen normally contains about ___ sperm

A

100 million

54
Q

what levels of sperm/ml are standard, reduced, and sterile?

A

Standard: 100 million sperm/ml

Reduced: 20-40 million sperm/ml

Sterile: <20 million sperm/ml

55
Q

composition of sperm

A

sperm
from seminal vesicles (60%)
from prostate (20%)
buffers (Ph and bicarbonate)

56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q

> 50% decrease in sperm count since when?

A

~1970s

59
Q

Within the next 20-40 yrs, sperm counts
may be less than ____ sperm/ml

A

20 million

60
Q

male contreceptions (4)

A

hormonal control of sperm development

targeting of cation channel proteins
important in fertilization [e.g., CatSpers]

natural compounds
that limit sperm function

vasectomy

61
Q

The prostate produces and secretes into the semen/bloodstream a 30-kDa serine protease generally called

A

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

62
Q

The gene for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has two ____ response elements

A

androgen

63
Q

PSA hydrolyzes the sperm motility inhibitor ____ in semen

A

semenogelin

64
Q

An elevated plasma PSA occurs in (3)

A

prostate cancer
prostatic hyperplasia
prostatitis

*widely used as a screening test for prostate cancer

65
Q

Testosterone is a
C__ steroid with a ____
group in the __th position

A

C19 steroid with a hydroxyl
group in the 17 position

66
Q

testosterone is synthesized from what?

A

cholesterol (in the Leydig cells)

67
Q

testosterone is synthesized from
cholesterol in the Leydig cells and is also formed from ____
secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

androstenedione

68
Q

Secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells is under the control of ___

A

luteinizing
hormone (LH)

69
Q

testosterone in plasma is bound to proteins (3)

A

gonadal steroid–binding globulin (GBG)
or
sex steroid–binding globulin

albumin (33%)

70
Q

Circulating testosterone is converted to

A

17- ketosteroids (majority - androsterone)
estradiol (small amount)

71
Q

Testosterone and other androgens exert an inhibitory feedback effect on pituitary __ secretion

A

LH

72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q

testosterone anabolic effects (3)

A

Increase synthesis proteins (increased rate of growth)

increase the size of kidneys

retention of Na+, K+, H2O, Ca2+, SO42−, and PO43−

75
Q

mechanism of action of testosterone

A

Testosterone and other androgens (DHT) bind to hormone responsive elements (HRE). Activation of HRE triggers nuclear localization and binding (as dimer) to DNA and facilitates transcription of genes.

76
Q

Congenital 5α-Reductase Deficiency

A

Produces pseudohermaphroditism.

*Individuals are born with male internal
genitalia including testes, but they have
female external genitalia (increased testosterone)

77
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome:

A

XXY, 47
X and Y chromosomes
long legs
cognition deviations

78
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen

Gonadotropic hormone treatment speeds descent

*too warm for testis (infertility)

79
Q

Male Hypogonadism

A

decreased testosterone

decreased circulating gonadotropin levels

80
Q

spermatogonium (stem cells) transition to spermatids take approx how long?

A

74 days

81
Q

t/f: cytoplasmic bridges are what maintain tight junctions in seminiferous tubules

A

true

82
Q

a condition where testes do not descend?

A

cryptorchidism

83
Q

t/f: testosterone released from Leydig cells increased LH secretion

A

false

84
Q

a majority of testosterone is converted to what before being excreted in urine?

A

androsterone
etiocholanolone

85
Q

t/f: CatSper cation channels regulate sperm mobility

A

true

86
Q

what part of the sperm contains concentrated mitochondria?

A

middle piece (proximal portion of tail)

87
Q

T/F: Klinefelter’s syndrome is characterized by 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome (XXY, 47)

A

true

88
Q

T/F: elevated PSA is only indicative of prostate cancer

A

false

prostate cancer
prostatic hyperplasia
prostatitis

89
Q

vasectomy is performed by ligating what?

A

vas deferens

Human Form & Function (40 decks)

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