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Human Form & Function > Lipid/Fatty Acid Metabolism > Flashcards

Lipid/Fatty Acid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids and fatty acids play a role in ______ and various _______ problems, both are epidemics in the US and a large portion of your patients will have these

A

Lipids and fatty acids play a role in DIABETES and various CARDIOVASCULAR problems, both are epidemics in the US and a large portion of your patients will have these

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2
Q

Drugs can be absorbed by _____, changing the distribution and excretion

A

lipids

which alters the amounts and frequency administered to obese patients

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3
Q

Lipids and FA in oral cavity

A

cell membranes
mucous glands
buccal fat pads
oral mucosa

concentration determines the permeability of tissues

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4
Q

concentration of fatty acid/lipids determines the ______ of tissues

A

permeability

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5
Q

lipid/FA metabolism:
synthesis –>
degradation –>

A

synthesis –> anabolism
degradation –> catabolism/oxidation

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6
Q

FA oxidation is _____

A

degradation/catabolism

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7
Q

FA oxidation pathways (3)

A

B-Oxidation (breakdown)

Citric Acid Cycle (process)

Oxidative Phosphorylation (produce ATP)

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8
Q

enzymes to help with synthesis of fatty acids (2)

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
FA synthase

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9
Q

what is in the injection? (botox/fillers)

A

usually collagen

not fatty acid/lipids

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10
Q
A

phospholipid and phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

what forms membranes?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q
A

fatty acids

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13
Q
A

triglyceride
(glycerol, FA chains)

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14
Q

insolubility of fatty acids can create

A

Emulsified molecules

  • form mixed micelles
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15
Q
A

micelle

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16
Q
A

lipoprotein

micelle with protein component
can uptake and transport FAs

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17
Q
A

serum albumin

can uptake fatty acids to transport around the body

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18
Q

lowest to highest weight density of lipoproteins (4)

A

(low density)
Chylomicrons

VLDL

LDL

HDL
(high density)

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19
Q

what impacts the density of lipoproteins?

A

proteins
phospholipids

More will increase the density

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20
Q

Tissues/cells take up _____ for their membranes by taking up LDL’s

A

cholesterol

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21
Q

Tissues/cells take up cholesterol for their membranes by taking up…

A

LDLs

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22
Q

endogenous pathway –>
exogenous pathway –>

A

endogenous –> diet

exogenous –> liver, blood vessels, liver

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23
Q

exogenous pathway vs endogenous pathway

A
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24
Q

endogenous pathways use:
exogenous pathways use:

A

endogenous: VLDLs
exogenous: chylomicrons

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25
Q

bile is essential for the digestion and absorption of ___

A

fatty acids

*emulsifies them to be taken up by blood

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26
Q

where do lipoproteins gather lipids from?

A

intestines and lives

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27
Q

endogenous pathway: VLDLs from ____ to ____

A

liver to blood vessels

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28
Q

study

A
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29
Q
A
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30
Q

endogenous pathway: LDLs/HDLs from ___ to ____

A

blood vessel to liver

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

___ _____ from Ebner glands (low amounts) and lipase from the pancreas cleave fats

A

Lingual lipase

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33
Q

Lingual lipase from Ebner glands (low amounts) and lipase from the pancreas ____ fats

A

cleave

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34
Q

Fats are emulsified by bile, phosphatidylcholine, and monoglycerides to form ___

A

micelles (transport to enterocytes)

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35
Q

FA are taken up by ____ and converted into chylomicrons with other types of fats (cholesterols, apolipoproteins)

A

enterocytes

36
Q

FA are taken up by enterocytes and converted into _______ with other types of fats (cholesterols, apolipoproteins)

A

chylomicrons

37
Q

enterocytes are ____ cells

A

intestine cells

38
Q

Fatty acids are _____ to release energy

A

oxidized

degradation/catabolism

39
Q

initiating catabolism/B-oxidation: ___ and ___ need to be cleaved

A

Phospholipids and triglycerides

*accomplished by lipases

40
Q

Phospholipases cleave Phospholipids and triglycerides to produce _____ or glycerol and FA chains

A

phosphate groups

41
Q

when phospholipids and triglycerides are cleaved…
glycerol –>
FA chain –>

A
42
Q

fatty acids must be ‘____’ by adding an acyl-CoA group (before being transported to the mitochondria)

A

activated

43
Q

how does a FA become “activated”?

A

add acyl-CoA group

*then can go to the mitochondria

44
Q

FA chains of how many Carbons can freely pass through membranes?

A

12 C or lower

45
Q

more than 12 carbon FA chains need what to pass through membranes?

A

facilitated transport (too large to freely pass)

46
Q

acyl-carnitine–>
carnitine shuttle–>

A

acyl-carnitine–> adds carnitine to FA to pass the membrane

carnitine shuttle–> takes off carnitine so FA will be stuck inside the membrane

47
Q

B-oxidation: ____ –> _____

A

FA chain –> acetyl-CoA

48
Q

Each time B-Oxidation cycles, it removes ____ carbons

A

two

49
Q

T/F
B-oxidation: Odd-numbered FA and unsaturated FA (double bonds) go through additional steps of oxidation and produce different products

A

true

50
Q

during B-oxidation, it gives off ___ and ___

A

FADH2 and NADH

51
Q

acetyl-CoA has three fates:

A

CAC, Ketone bodies, or FA synthesis

52
Q

If carbohydrate levels are low the body resorts to alternative energy like

A

lipid breakdown
protein (from muscle)

53
Q

Ketone bodies are formed from ____ by hepatocytes

A

Acetyl-CoA

54
Q

Ketoacidosis in diabetics: Resistance or lack of insulin =

A

increased ketones

55
Q

what regulates acetyl-CoA fates? (decides the fate)

A

Regulated by Oxaloacetate

*limiting factor

56
Q

Each Acetyl-CoA can produce ___ ATP in the CAC

A

12

57
Q

products of B-oxidation and CAC are sent through _____ ______ to produce more ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

do fatty acids produce more or less energy than carbohydrates?

A

more

59
Q

Mitochondrial Acetyl-CoA has to get to the ____ for FA Synthesis

A

Cytoplasm

60
Q

Acetyl-CoA is produced in the ___ ____

A

mitochondrial matrix

61
Q

FA synthesis is in the _____

A

cytoplasm

62
Q

citrate shuttle

A
63
Q

oxidation occurs in the____
synthesis occurs in the ____

A

oxidation occurs in the mitochondria
synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm

64
Q

synthesis of fatty acids: building blocks are

A

Malonyl-CoA’s
(three carbons)

65
Q

piecing Malonyl-CoA’s together to make FA, it gives off ___

A

CO2

66
Q

the smallest FA product is…

A

Palmitoyl-CoA
(Palmitate, C16)

67
Q

synthesis of fatty acids relies on

A

NADPH

68
Q

fatty acid synthesis is regulated by…

A

sugar and fat levels in the diet

Phosphorylating the enzyme, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

69
Q

know!

A
70
Q

Glucagon and Epinephrine causes…

A

phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA

stops fatty acid synthesis

71
Q

insulin causes…

A

dephosphorylates acetyl-CoA

leads to fatty acid synthesis

72
Q

B-oxidation happens in the____
electron acceptor ____
C2 unit is the ____

A

mitochondria

NAD+ is electron acceptor
C2 unit is acetyl-CoA

73
Q

biosynthesis of fatty acids (synthesis) happens in the____
electron acceptor ___
C2 unit ____

A

cytoplasm

NADPH is the electron donor

C2 unit donor is malonyl-CoA (three carbon) and gives off CO2

74
Q

insulin –>
glucagon –>
Epinephrine + norepinephrine –>
citrate –>
Palmitoyl-CoA (end product) –>
cortisol –>

A

insulin –> synthesis
glucagon –> oxidation
Epinephrine + norepinephrine –> oxidation
citrate –> synthesis
Palmitoyl-CoA (end product) –> slow synthesis
cortisol –>oxidation

75
Q

study

A
76
Q

study

A
77
Q

Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) contain ____ energy per g than carbohydrates do

A

more

9kcal/g as opposed to 4 kcal/g of carbohydrates

78
Q

the starting molecule of fatty acid storage is…

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)

79
Q

Combine G3P with cholesterol and phospholipids to make

A

VLDL’s

80
Q

LDL levels determine risk for _____

A

atherosclerosis
fatty arteries–> heart attack/stroke

81
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

diabetes
resistance or lack of insulin
increase in ketones

82
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

increase cortisol
can get mimic of this through overuse of corticosteroids (prednisone)
- moon face, hump neck (abnormal depositing of fats)

83
Q

lipid transportation uses _____ and _____

A

albumin and lipoproteins

84
Q

Beta-Oxidation breaks FA down into ____ pieces, giving off energy

A

acetyl-CoA
*via CAC

85
Q

FA synthase uses energy with _____ to build FA

A

Malonyl-CoA (3-carbon)

Human Form & Function (49 decks)

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