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Lipid/Fatty Acid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids and fatty acids play a role in ______ and various _______ problems, both are epidemics in the US and a large portion of your patients will have these

A

Lipids and fatty acids play a role in DIABETES and various CARDIOVASCULAR problems, both are epidemics in the US and a large portion of your patients will have these

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2
Q

Drugs can be absorbed by _____, changing the distribution and excretion

A

lipids

which alters the amounts and frequency administered to obese patients

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3
Q

Lipids and FA in oral cavity

A

cell membranes
mucous glands
buccal fat pads
oral mucosa

concentration determines the permeability of tissues

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4
Q

concentration of fatty acid/lipids determines the ______ of tissues

A

permeability

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5
Q

lipid/FA metabolism:
synthesis –>
degradation –>

A

synthesis –> anabolism
degradation –> catabolism/oxidation

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6
Q

FA oxidation is _____

A

degradation/catabolism

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7
Q

FA oxidation pathways (3)

A

B-Oxidation (breakdown)

Citric Acid Cycle (process)

Oxidative Phosphorylation (produce ATP)

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8
Q

enzymes to help with synthesis of fatty acids (2)

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
FA synthase

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9
Q

what is in the injection? (botox/fillers)

A

usually collagen

not fatty acid/lipids

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10
Q
A

phospholipid and phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

what forms membranes?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q
A

fatty acids

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13
Q
A

triglyceride
(glycerol, FA chains)

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14
Q

insolubility of fatty acids can create

A

Emulsified molecules

  • form mixed micelles
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15
Q
A

micelle

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16
Q
A

lipoprotein

micelle with protein component
can uptake and transport FAs

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17
Q
A

serum albumin

can uptake fatty acids to transport around the body

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18
Q

lowest to highest weight density of lipoproteins (4)

A

(low density)
Chylomicrons

VLDL

LDL

HDL
(high density)

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19
Q

what impacts the density of lipoproteins?

A

proteins
phospholipids

More will increase the density

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20
Q

Tissues/cells take up _____ for their membranes by taking up LDL’s

A

cholesterol

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21
Q

Tissues/cells take up cholesterol for their membranes by taking up…

A

LDLs

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22
Q

endogenous pathway –>
exogenous pathway –>

A

endogenous –> diet

exogenous –> liver, blood vessels, liver

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23
Q

exogenous pathway vs endogenous pathway

A
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24
Q

endogenous pathways use:
exogenous pathways use:

A

endogenous: VLDLs
exogenous: chylomicrons

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25
bile is essential for the digestion and absorption of ___
fatty acids *emulsifies them to be taken up by blood
26
where do lipoproteins gather lipids from?
intestines and lives
27
endogenous pathway: VLDLs from ____ to ____
liver to blood vessels
28
study
29
30
endogenous pathway: LDLs/HDLs from ___ to ____
blood vessel to liver
31
32
___ _____ from Ebner glands (low amounts) and lipase from the pancreas cleave fats
Lingual lipase
33
Lingual lipase from Ebner glands (low amounts) and lipase from the pancreas ____ fats
cleave
34
Fats are emulsified by bile, phosphatidylcholine, and monoglycerides to form ___
micelles (transport to enterocytes)
35
FA are taken up by ____ and converted into chylomicrons with other types of fats (cholesterols, apolipoproteins)
enterocytes
36
FA are taken up by enterocytes and converted into _______ with other types of fats (cholesterols, apolipoproteins)
chylomicrons
37
enterocytes are ____ cells
intestine cells
38
Fatty acids are _____ to release energy
oxidized degradation/catabolism
39
initiating catabolism/B-oxidation: ___ and ___ need to be cleaved
Phospholipids and triglycerides *accomplished by lipases
40
Phospholipases cleave Phospholipids and triglycerides to produce _____ or glycerol and FA chains
phosphate groups
41
when phospholipids and triglycerides are cleaved... glycerol --> FA chain -->
42
fatty acids must be '____' by adding an acyl-CoA group (before being transported to the mitochondria)
activated
43
how does a FA become "activated"?
add acyl-CoA group *then can go to the mitochondria
44
FA chains of how many Carbons can freely pass through membranes?
12 C or lower
45
more than 12 carbon FA chains need what to pass through membranes?
facilitated transport (too large to freely pass)
46
acyl-carnitine--> carnitine shuttle-->
acyl-carnitine--> adds carnitine to FA to pass the membrane carnitine shuttle--> takes off carnitine so FA will be stuck inside the membrane
47
B-oxidation: ____ --> _____
FA chain --> acetyl-CoA
48
Each time B-Oxidation cycles, it removes ____ carbons
two
49
T/F B-oxidation: Odd-numbered FA and unsaturated FA (double bonds) go through additional steps of oxidation and produce different products
true
50
during B-oxidation, it gives off ___ and ___
FADH2 and NADH
51
acetyl-CoA has three fates:
CAC, Ketone bodies, or FA synthesis
52
If carbohydrate levels are low the body resorts to alternative energy like
lipid breakdown protein (from muscle)
53
Ketone bodies are formed from ____ by hepatocytes
Acetyl-CoA
54
Ketoacidosis in diabetics: Resistance or lack of insulin =
increased ketones
55
what regulates acetyl-CoA fates? (decides the fate)
Regulated by Oxaloacetate *limiting factor
56
Each Acetyl-CoA can produce ___ ATP in the CAC
12
57
products of B-oxidation and CAC are sent through _____ ______ to produce more ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
58
do fatty acids produce more or less energy than carbohydrates?
more
59
Mitochondrial Acetyl-CoA has to get to the ____ for FA Synthesis
Cytoplasm
60
Acetyl-CoA is produced in the ___ ____
mitochondrial matrix
61
FA synthesis is in the _____
cytoplasm
62
citrate shuttle
63
oxidation occurs in the____ synthesis occurs in the ____
oxidation occurs in the mitochondria synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm
64
synthesis of fatty acids: building blocks are
Malonyl-CoA’s (three carbons)
65
piecing Malonyl-CoA’s together to make FA, it gives off ___
CO2
66
the smallest FA product is...
Palmitoyl-CoA (Palmitate, C16)
67
synthesis of fatty acids relies on
NADPH
68
fatty acid synthesis is regulated by...
sugar and fat levels in the diet Phosphorylating the enzyme, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
69
know!
70
Glucagon and Epinephrine causes...
phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA stops fatty acid synthesis
71
insulin causes...
dephosphorylates acetyl-CoA leads to fatty acid synthesis
72
B-oxidation happens in the____ electron acceptor ____ C2 unit is the ____
mitochondria NAD+ is electron acceptor C2 unit is acetyl-CoA
73
biosynthesis of fatty acids (synthesis) happens in the____ electron acceptor ___ C2 unit ____
cytoplasm NADPH is the electron donor C2 unit donor is malonyl-CoA (three carbon) and gives off CO2
74
insulin --> glucagon --> Epinephrine + norepinephrine --> citrate --> Palmitoyl-CoA (end product) --> cortisol -->
insulin --> synthesis glucagon --> oxidation Epinephrine + norepinephrine --> oxidation citrate --> synthesis Palmitoyl-CoA (end product) --> slow synthesis cortisol -->oxidation
75
study
76
study
77
Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) contain ____ energy per g than carbohydrates do
more 9kcal/g as opposed to 4 kcal/g of carbohydrates
78
the starting molecule of fatty acid storage is...
Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)
79
Combine G3P with cholesterol and phospholipids to make
VLDL’s
80
LDL levels determine risk for _____
atherosclerosis fatty arteries--> heart attack/stroke
81
Ketoacidosis
diabetes resistance or lack of insulin increase in ketones
82
Cushing's syndrome
increase cortisol can get mimic of this through overuse of corticosteroids (prednisone) - moon face, hump neck (abnormal depositing of fats)
83
lipid transportation uses _____ and _____
albumin and lipoproteins
84
Beta-Oxidation breaks FA down into ____ pieces, giving off energy
acetyl-CoA *via CAC
85
FA synthase uses energy with _____ to build FA
Malonyl-CoA (3-carbon)

Human Form & Function (48 decks)

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