Lipid/Fatty Acid Metabolism Flashcards
Lipids and fatty acids play a role in ______ and various _______ problems, both are epidemics in the US and a large portion of your patients will have these
Lipids and fatty acids play a role in DIABETES and various CARDIOVASCULAR problems, both are epidemics in the US and a large portion of your patients will have these
Drugs can be absorbed by _____, changing the distribution and excretion
lipids
which alters the amounts and frequency administered to obese patients
Lipids and FA in oral cavity
cell membranes
mucous glands
buccal fat pads
oral mucosa
concentration determines the permeability of tissues
concentration of fatty acid/lipids determines the ______ of tissues
permeability
lipid/FA metabolism:
synthesis –>
degradation –>
synthesis –> anabolism
degradation –> catabolism/oxidation
FA oxidation is _____
degradation/catabolism
FA oxidation pathways (3)
B-Oxidation (breakdown)
Citric Acid Cycle (process)
Oxidative Phosphorylation (produce ATP)
enzymes to help with synthesis of fatty acids (2)
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
FA synthase
what is in the injection? (botox/fillers)
usually collagen
not fatty acid/lipids
phospholipid and phospholipid bilayer
what forms membranes?
phospholipid bilayer
fatty acids
triglyceride
(glycerol, FA chains)
insolubility of fatty acids can create
Emulsified molecules
- form mixed micelles
micelle
lipoprotein
micelle with protein component
can uptake and transport FAs
serum albumin
can uptake fatty acids to transport around the body
lowest to highest weight density of lipoproteins (4)
(low density)
Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL
(high density)
what impacts the density of lipoproteins?
proteins
phospholipids
More will increase the density
Tissues/cells take up _____ for their membranes by taking up LDL’s
cholesterol
Tissues/cells take up cholesterol for their membranes by taking up…
LDLs
endogenous pathway –>
exogenous pathway –>
endogenous –> diet
exogenous –> liver, blood vessels, liver
exogenous pathway vs endogenous pathway
endogenous pathways use:
exogenous pathways use:
endogenous: VLDLs
exogenous: chylomicrons
bile is essential for the digestion and absorption of ___
fatty acids
*emulsifies them to be taken up by blood
where do lipoproteins gather lipids from?
intestines and lives
endogenous pathway: VLDLs from ____ to ____
liver to blood vessels
study
endogenous pathway: LDLs/HDLs from ___ to ____
blood vessel to liver
___ _____ from Ebner glands (low amounts) and lipase from the pancreas cleave fats
Lingual lipase
Lingual lipase from Ebner glands (low amounts) and lipase from the pancreas ____ fats
cleave
Fats are emulsified by bile, phosphatidylcholine, and monoglycerides to form ___
micelles (transport to enterocytes)
FA are taken up by ____ and converted into chylomicrons with other types of fats (cholesterols, apolipoproteins)
enterocytes
FA are taken up by enterocytes and converted into _______ with other types of fats (cholesterols, apolipoproteins)
chylomicrons
enterocytes are ____ cells
intestine cells
Fatty acids are _____ to release energy
oxidized
degradation/catabolism
initiating catabolism/B-oxidation: ___ and ___ need to be cleaved
Phospholipids and triglycerides
*accomplished by lipases
Phospholipases cleave Phospholipids and triglycerides to produce _____ or glycerol and FA chains
phosphate groups
when phospholipids and triglycerides are cleaved…
glycerol –>
FA chain –>
fatty acids must be ‘____’ by adding an acyl-CoA group (before being transported to the mitochondria)
activated
how does a FA become “activated”?
add acyl-CoA group
*then can go to the mitochondria
FA chains of how many Carbons can freely pass through membranes?
12 C or lower
more than 12 carbon FA chains need what to pass through membranes?
facilitated transport (too large to freely pass)
acyl-carnitine–>
carnitine shuttle–>
acyl-carnitine–> adds carnitine to FA to pass the membrane
carnitine shuttle–> takes off carnitine so FA will be stuck inside the membrane
B-oxidation: ____ –> _____
FA chain –> acetyl-CoA
Each time B-Oxidation cycles, it removes ____ carbons
two
T/F
B-oxidation: Odd-numbered FA and unsaturated FA (double bonds) go through additional steps of oxidation and produce different products
true
during B-oxidation, it gives off ___ and ___
FADH2 and NADH
acetyl-CoA has three fates:
CAC, Ketone bodies, or FA synthesis
If carbohydrate levels are low the body resorts to alternative energy like
lipid breakdown
protein (from muscle)
Ketone bodies are formed from ____ by hepatocytes
Acetyl-CoA
Ketoacidosis in diabetics: Resistance or lack of insulin =
increased ketones
what regulates acetyl-CoA fates? (decides the fate)
Regulated by Oxaloacetate
*limiting factor
Each Acetyl-CoA can produce ___ ATP in the CAC
12
products of B-oxidation and CAC are sent through _____ ______ to produce more ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
do fatty acids produce more or less energy than carbohydrates?
more
Mitochondrial Acetyl-CoA has to get to the ____ for FA Synthesis
Cytoplasm
Acetyl-CoA is produced in the ___ ____
mitochondrial matrix
FA synthesis is in the _____
cytoplasm
citrate shuttle
oxidation occurs in the____
synthesis occurs in the ____
oxidation occurs in the mitochondria
synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm
synthesis of fatty acids: building blocks are
Malonyl-CoA’s
(three carbons)
piecing Malonyl-CoA’s together to make FA, it gives off ___
CO2
the smallest FA product is…
Palmitoyl-CoA
(Palmitate, C16)
synthesis of fatty acids relies on
NADPH
fatty acid synthesis is regulated by…
sugar and fat levels in the diet
Phosphorylating the enzyme, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
know!
Glucagon and Epinephrine causes…
phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA
stops fatty acid synthesis
insulin causes…
dephosphorylates acetyl-CoA
leads to fatty acid synthesis
B-oxidation happens in the____
electron acceptor ____
C2 unit is the ____
mitochondria
NAD+ is electron acceptor
C2 unit is acetyl-CoA
biosynthesis of fatty acids (synthesis) happens in the____
electron acceptor ___
C2 unit ____
cytoplasm
NADPH is the electron donor
C2 unit donor is malonyl-CoA (three carbon) and gives off CO2
insulin –>
glucagon –>
Epinephrine + norepinephrine –>
citrate –>
Palmitoyl-CoA (end product) –>
cortisol –>
insulin –> synthesis
glucagon –> oxidation
Epinephrine + norepinephrine –> oxidation
citrate –> synthesis
Palmitoyl-CoA (end product) –> slow synthesis
cortisol –>oxidation
study
study
Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) contain ____ energy per g than carbohydrates do
more
9kcal/g as opposed to 4 kcal/g of carbohydrates
the starting molecule of fatty acid storage is…
Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)
Combine G3P with cholesterol and phospholipids to make
VLDL’s
LDL levels determine risk for _____
atherosclerosis
fatty arteries–> heart attack/stroke
Ketoacidosis
diabetes
resistance or lack of insulin
increase in ketones
Cushing’s syndrome
increase cortisol
can get mimic of this through overuse of corticosteroids (prednisone)
- moon face, hump neck (abnormal depositing of fats)
lipid transportation uses _____ and _____
albumin and lipoproteins
Beta-Oxidation breaks FA down into ____ pieces, giving off energy
acetyl-CoA
*via CAC
FA synthase uses energy with _____ to build FA
Malonyl-CoA (3-carbon)
