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CVSOH BVSc3 > Virology - parvovirus, adenovirus, poxvirus, herpesvirus > Flashcards

Virology - parvovirus, adenovirus, poxvirus, herpesvirus Flashcards

1
Q

Is parvovirus enveloped?

A

No - stable in environment

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2
Q

What type of symmetry does parvovirus nucleocapsid have?

A

Icosahedral

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3
Q

What is the surface of a parvovirus like?

A

Rugged

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4
Q

What is the classification of parvovirus?

A

Linear single stranded DNA
Can be either positive or negative sense
Class 2

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5
Q

What does parvovirus need to replicate?

A

Host cell proteins from dividing cells

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6
Q

What does the open reading frame on the 3’ end of the parvovirus genome encode for?

A

Non-structural proteins (NS)- for DNA transcription and replication

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7
Q

What does the open reading frame on the 5’ end of the parvovirus genome encode for?

A

Structural proteins (VP)- form the capsid

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8
Q

What does parvovirus NS1 do?

A

Unzips DNA (helicase) for viral DNA replication

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9
Q

What does parvovirus NS 2 do?

A

Regulates viral gene expression

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10
Q

Which is less frequent out of the parvovirus structural proteins - VP1 or VP2?

A

VP1

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11
Q

How is the parvovirus genome replicated?

A

ssDNA made into dsDNA
Then mRNA is made to make viral proteins
And new ssDNA is made to be packaged into virions

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12
Q

Where does parvovirus DNA replication occur? In what kind of cells?

A

In the nucleus

Dividing cells

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13
Q

What does parvovirus not have?

A

DNA polymerase

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14
Q

What receptor does canine parvovirus use to enter cells?

A

Transferrin receptor

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15
Q

What age does canine parvovirus affect?

A

All ages, less than 6 months the worst

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16
Q

How is canine parvovirus transmitted/infection?

A

Ingestion or inhalation via direct or indirect contact

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17
Q

Where in the body does parvovirus infect?

A

Replicates in lymph nodes via naso and oropharynx
Then to where cells rapidly divide (bone marrow and intestine crypts of villi) via blood stream
Also heart of young dogs

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18
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of canine parvovirus?

A

Diarrhoea due to blunting of villi
Haemorrhage in severe cases
Immunosuppression

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19
Q

How is canine parvovirus diagnosed?

A

Virus in faecal samples
Haemagglutination
PCR
Antigen ELISA

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20
Q

Can you vaccinate against canine parvovirus?

A

Yes

Vaccination also provides maternal antibodies so puppies more protected

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21
Q

What does porcine parvovirus infection cause in pigs?

A

Reproductive failure - stillbirths, mummification, infertility, embryo death

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22
Q

Where is porcine parvovirus infection mostly found?

A

Foetuses - lots of dividing cells

Before 60 days old - no immune system

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23
Q

How is porcine parvovirus infection transmitted?

A

Transplacentally

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24
Q

How is porcine parvovirus infection controlled?

A

Vaccination of gilts (young female pigs)

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25
Q

What classification is adenovirus?

A

Single linear double stranded DNA

Group 1

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26
Q

Is adenovirus enveloped?

A

No

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27
Q

What symmetry does adenovirus have?

A

Icosahedral

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28
Q

What is unique to the adenovirus capsid?

A

Has a fibre - attaches the virus to host cells and is a haemagglutinin

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29
Q

What is the adenovirus capsid made up of?

A

Hexons and pentons

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30
Q

What does the adenovirus genome have on each end?

A

An inverted terminal repeat

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31
Q

What do the adenovirus early region genes do?

A

Regulate transcription

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32
Q

What is the role of the adenovirus late region genes?

A

Structural

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33
Q

What is the promotor region for the late region of the adenovirus genome called?

A

Major late promoter

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34
Q

What does adenovirus use for transcription of their genome?

A

Its own viral DdDp - copies genome

Host DdRp - makes mRNA to produce viral proteins

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35
Q

Where does adenovirus replication occur?

A

In the nucleus - needs hosts DdRp which is found in the nucleus

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36
Q

Which form of adenovirus is infectious and why?

A

Mature virions - contain the entire genome and have proteolytically processed capsid proteins

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37
Q

What does adenovirus E proteins do?

A

Cause immune evasion

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38
Q

What can you use to diagnose adenovirus infections?

A

Haemagglutination inhibition assay

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39
Q

What severe disease is caused by adenovirus in dogs?

A

Canine adenovirus 1 - causes canine hepatitis

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40
Q

How is canine adenovirus 1 transmitted?

A

Ingestion of infected bodily fluids eg. urine, faeces or saliva

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41
Q

What age of dogs are affected by canine adenovirus 1? What severity?

A

All ages
More severe in puppies
Subclinical infection is common

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42
Q

What are the three syndromes of canine adenovirus 1?

A

Peracute disease - dead without a sign
Acute disease
Mild disease - partial immunity, vaccine

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43
Q

What are the symptoms of acute disease?

A

Fever, thirst, vomiting and diarrhoea etc.

Blue eye in 25% of affected dogs - bilateral corneal opacity

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44
Q

Why does blue eye form in canine adenovirus 1 infections?

A

Virus forms immune complexes with antibodies in the eye, causes inflammation

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45
Q

What milder disease is caused by adenovirus in dogs ?

A

Canine adenovirus 2 - localised respiratory disease, kennel cough

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46
Q

Can you vaccinate against canine adenovirus?

A

Yes - canine adenovirus 2 vaccine is used to vaccinate against both 1 and 2

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47
Q

What classification is poxvirus?

A

Linear double stranded DNA

Group 1

48
Q

Where does poxvirus replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm

49
Q

Does poxvirus have an envelope?

A

No - stable in environment in dry conditions

50
Q

What shape are poxviruses?

A

Brick shaped

51
Q

How many layers does a pox virus have? What are they?

A 
4 layers 
Core
Core wall
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
52
Q

What does poxvirus have on its outer membrane?

A

Short surface tubules

53
Q

What shape is the poxvirus core?

A

Egg timer - lateral bodies squash middle together

54
Q

How are poxvirus virions released from the host cell?

A

Budding

55
Q

What shape is the parapoxvirus?

A

Ovoid shaped

56
Q

What are found at the ends of the poxvirus genome?

A

Inverted terminal repeats

57
Q

What do inverted terminal repeats do?

A

Join DNA strands together by crosslinking them

58
Q

Where are the genes that code for the structural proteins found on the poxvirus genome?

A

In the centre

59
Q

Where does poxvirus replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm - minimally dependent on host cell

60
Q

What is the main feature of the poxvirus genome?

A

Very big, codes for lots of (100+) proteins eg. DdDp and immune modulating (affecting) proteins

61
Q

What are viroreceptors?

A

Cell receptors that are altered by poxvirus so they are not anchored to the cell membrane, get secreted

62
Q

What are virokines?

A

Secreted viral proteins made by poxvirus which resemble host cytokines but are not functional

63
Q

How are poxviruses transmitted?

A

Skin abrasions
Aerosol
Contaminated environment
Biting arthropods

64
Q

What transmits swinepox?

A

Pig/hog louse (haematopinis suis)

65
Q

How can poxviruses affect a wide range of different species?

A

They dont rely on specific cellular receptors to enter cells, instead they use host molecules

66
Q

How does the vaccinia poxvirus attach to cells?

A

Viral outer membrane proteins bind to host cell glycosaminoglycans

67
Q

What are the 3 stages of poxvirus replication?

A

Early, intermediate and late

68
Q

How are each stage of poxvirus protein encoded?

A

By the genes from the stage before eg. intermediate gene transcription factors are encoded by early genes

69
Q

What is a characteristic of cells which are infected with poxvirus?

A

Host cell has intra-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies - stain red

70
Q

What are the flat red spots on skin from a poxvirus infection called?

A

Macules

71
Q

What are the raised red spots on skin from a poxvirus infection called?

A

Papules

72
Q

What are papules that are filled with with fluid/pus called?

A

Vesicles/pustules (3/4 weeks to develop

73
Q

What are examples of poxvirus?

A

Vaccinia virus

Orf

74
Q

Where is vaccinia virus found?

A

Not seen in Europe since smallpox vaccination ceased - vaccinia used as a human vaccine for smallpox
Outbreaks still in India

75
Q

Where are the lesions found in cowpox and buffalopox virus?

A 
Mild form - udders and teats
Severe form (only in buffalopox) - generalised lesions
76
Q

How is cowpox spread?

A

In rodents - mice and voles

Cows lie on grass and udder comes in contact with rodent droppings

77
Q

What is feline cowpox like?

A

More severe - single lesion, necrotising dermatitis for 6-8 weeks

78
Q

What is the other name for orf?

A

Contagious ecthyma

79
Q

Where does orf affect?

A

Mucocutaneous junctions of the muzzle and lips

80
Q

What does orf affect?

A

Young lambs and kids

81
Q

How can you prevent orf?

A

Vaccination - live attenuated

Of ewes before lambing

82
Q

How is orf vaccine administered?

A

Scratch application to skin - scarification

83
Q

What are examples of parapoxviruses?

A

Pseudocowpox virus

Bovine papular stomatitis

84
Q

What is pseudocowpox virus?

A

Less severe than cowpox

Affects udder and teats of cows

85
Q

How is pseudocowpox transmitted?

A

Horizontally through milking teat cups and hands, suckling and flies

86
Q

What is papular stomatitis?

A

Less severe than orf

Affects mouth, muzzle and nostrils

87
Q

What classification is herpesvirus?

A

Linear double stranded DNA

Group 1

88
Q

Does herpesvirus have an envelope?

A

Yes

89
Q

What type of herpesvirus is cold sores?

A

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1)

90
Q

What type of herpes virus is genital herpes?

A

HSV2

91
Q

What type of herpes virus is chickenpox?

A

Varicella zoster

92
Q

What are the 3 subfamilies of herpesvirus?

A

Alpha herpesvirinae
Beta herpesvirinae
Gamma herpesvirinae

93
Q

What are the characteristics of alpha herpesviruses?

A

Short replication cycle (<24hrs)
Wide host range
Rapid destruction of cultured cells
Latent infections in neurones

94
Q

What are the characteristics of beta herpesviruses?

A

Long replication cycle (>24hrs)
Narrow host range
Slow destruction of cultured cells
Infected cells contain cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions
Latent infection in lymph and secretory cells

95
Q

What are the characteristics of beta herpesviruses?

A 
Narrow host range
Lymphotropic
Latent in lymphocytes
Linked to oncogenic transformation of lymphocytes
Cytolytic
Infects epithelial cells and fibroblasts
96
Q

What are the three distinct structures of a herpes virus?

A

Envelope
Capsid
Tegument

97
Q

How does herpes virus replicate its genome?

A

Uses a host DdRp RNA polymerase to create mRNA to make proteins for new virions
Uses a viral DdDp to copy its genome

98
Q

What happens to herpesvirus genome when it enters the host cell nucleus?

A

It binds at its ends to form a circle

99
Q

How do herpesviruses enter cells?

A

Most bind to glycosaminoglycans

Some bind to receptors

100
Q

What part of herpesviruses are released into the cytoplasm?

A

The tegument and nucleocapsid

101
Q

Where does transcription of herpesvirus occur?

A

All in the nucleus - none in the cytoplasm

102
Q

How are herpesviruses packaged and matured after replication?

A

By budding through the nuclear membrane to envelop the nucleocapsid and then be in vacuoles in the cytoplasm

103
Q

How does herpesvirus remain latent in cells?

A

Stay in host cell nucleus as circular viral genome or by integrating the genome into a host chromosome

104
Q

How does the immune system protect against herpesvirus?

A

Neutralising antibodies ad antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
IFN-a limits virus spread
Cytotoxic T cells clears active infection

105
Q

How does herpesvirus evade the immune system?

A

Viral proteins not expressed on cell surface
Blocks and destroys MHC
Secretes virokines

106
Q

What diseases does bovine herpes virus 1 cause?

A

Bovine rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis

107
Q

What are the symptoms of bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpes virus 1)?

A

Fever
Serous nasal discharge
Tissue necrosis - secondary infections, death
Conjunctivitis

108
Q

What are the symptoms of pustular vulvovaginitis (bovine herpes virus 1)?

A

Affects cows uterus, oviducts, ovaries and vulva
Tail held away from vulva
Fever and depression

109
Q

How long does pustular vulvovaginitis (bovine herpes virus 1) last?

A

Acute stage - 4-5 days

Heals by 10-14 days

110
Q

Where does bovine herpes virus 1 remain latent?

A

Sciatic and trigeminal ganglia

111
Q

How is bovine herpes virus 1 diagnosed?

A

Swabs, ELISA, PCR

112
Q

How is bovine herpes virus 1 prevented?

A

Vaccination - used extensively, reduces severity of disease

113
Q

What diseases does bovine herpes virus 2 cause?

A

Mammillitus

Pseudo-lumpy skin disease

114
Q

Where does mammillitus affect?

A

Teats and udder

115
Q

How is mammillitus transmitted?

A

Serous exudate from lesions

Suckling, direct, indirect

116
Q

How is pseudo-lumpy skin disease transmitted?

A

Biting insects

117
Q

How is BHV2 infection diagnosed?

A

Cultured in bovine cells, electron microscope

PCR

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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