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CVSOH BVSc3 > Virology - paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus and papillomavirus > Flashcards

Virology - paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus and papillomavirus Flashcards

1
Q

What classification of virus are paramyxoviruses?

A

Single stranded negative sense RNA virus

Group 5 of the Baltimore classification system

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2
Q

What common human diseases are paramyxoviruses?

A

Mumps, measles, main resp infections in infants

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3
Q

What is the morphology of paramyxoviruses?

A

Pleiomorphic - different depending on genus, eg. spherical, filamentous, asymmetric

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4
Q

When do paramyxoviruses have filamentous structure?

A

When they have more matrix proteins in their membrane

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5
Q

Does paramyxovirus have a lipid envelope?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What symmetry is the paramyxovirus nucleocapsid?

A

Helical

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7
Q

What are the two types of attachment proteins on the paramyxovirus envelope?

A

Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase

Or a glycoprotein

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8
Q

What does the attachment protein do on the paramyxovirus envelope?

A

Allow the virus to bind to cell surface receptors

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9
Q

What does the fusion protein do on the paramyxovirus envelope?

A

Causes the viral envelope to fuse with the host cell membrane

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10
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the virion?

A

Matrix protein

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11
Q

What is the role of the matrix proteins?

A

Help assemble the virions by providing a structural link between the envelope glycoproteins and their ribonuclear protein

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12
Q

What does the paramyxovirus have on the ends of its genome?

A

No 5’ cap and no poly-A tail

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13
Q

What is positive sense RNA the same as?

A

mRNA

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14
Q

Is the paramyxovirus genome segmented?

A

No

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15
Q

What makes the RdRp from paramyxovirus genome?

A

The L (large) protein and the P (phospho) protein

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16
Q

What is transcriptional polarity?

A

When RdRp falls off genome so the genes at the 3’ end get transcribed more

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17
Q

What receptor does paramyxovirus use to enter epithelial cells?

A

Sialic acid

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18
Q

What mechanism does paramyxovirus use to enter cells?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

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19
Q

What is syncytia?

A

Fusion of an infected cell with neighbouring cells making large multinucleated cells

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20
Q

What causes syncytia?

A

Viral fusion proteins

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21
Q

What does paramyxoviruses cause to RBCs?

A

Haemagglutination

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22
Q

What are two veterinary examples of paramyxoviruses?

A

Canine distemper virus

Rinderpest

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23
Q

What animals does canine distemper virus affect?

A

Dogs, foxes, large cats, badgers, seals

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24
Q

How does canine distemper virus enter the host?

A

Through alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in the respiratory tract

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25
Q

What is the SLAM molecule used for in canine distemper virus?

A

Getting into immune cells and therefore the lymphatic system

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26
Q

What is the nectin molecule used for in canine distemper virus?

A

Getting into epithelial cells in respiratory tract

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27
Q

How is canine distemper virus transmitted?

A

Aerosols

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28
Q

What does canine distemper virus cause after infection of lymphatic system?

A

Cytolysis of lymphocytes and drop in WBCs causing immunosuppression
Then systemic disease occurs

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29
Q

What cells does canine distemper virus infect in the CNS?

A

Neurones and glial cells

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30
Q

What does canine distemper virus cause in animals that do not recover from the virus?

A

Demyelination and encephalitis, neurological signs and death

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of canine distemper virus?

A

Initial infection - flu like symptoms

Later stages - neuro signs, thickening of nose and foot pads sometimes

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32
Q

How is canine distemper virus diagnosed?

A 
Blood and urine tests
PCR
Serology - ELISA
Stain for antigens in lymph nodes
Haemagglutination assay
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33
Q

How is canine distemper virus treated?

A

No cure - supportive

Antibiotics for secondary infections

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34
Q

What kind of vaccine is used for canine distemper virus?

A

Modified live CDV vaccine

Heterotypic measles virus vaccination - good for overriding maternal antibodies

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35
Q

Is rinderpest a big problem?

A

No - eradicated in 2011

Is still a notifiable disease

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of rinderpest?

A 
Ulcerating sores in soft palate
Fever 
Diarrhoea
Weakness
Death in 10 days
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37
Q

How is rinderpest spread?

A

Contaminated water
Direct contact
Aerosols

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38
Q

How was rinderpest controlled?

A

Live attenuated virus vaccine

Quarantining of transported animals

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39
Q

What is the classification of rhabdoviruses?

A

Negative sense single stranded RNA

Group 5

40
Q

What do rhabdoviruses infect?

A

Vertebrates, invertebrates and plants

41
Q

What is the symmetry of the rhabdovirus nucleocapsid?

A

Helical

42
Q

Does rhabdovirus have an envelope?

A

Yes

43
Q

What three proteins make up the rhabdovirus nucleocapsid?

A

L protein - RdRp
P protein - viral polymerase
N protein - nucleoprotein

44
Q

What genus is rabies in?

A

Lyssavirus

45
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

Bites from rabid dogs - 99%

46
Q

What is the lyssavirus that is present in the UK?

A

European bat lyssavirus
(not the same as the classic rabies virus)
Very low numbers

47
Q

What receptors does rabies virus G glycoprotein bind to?

A

Acetyl choline receptor on muscle cells

NCAM and P75 neurotrophin receptor on neurons

48
Q

Where does rabies viral replication occur?

A

Cytoplasm after being released from the endosome

49
Q

Where does the rabies virus bud from?

A

Membranes in the cytoplasm of neurones eg. SER (doesnt leave cell)
Plasma membranes of salivary gland epithelial cells (leave cell)

50
Q

What causes the behavioural symptoms of rabies?

A

Infection of the limbic system

51
Q

What are the two forms of rabies symptoms?

A

Excitive/furious phase

Paralytic/dumb phase

52
Q

What are the symptoms of the excitive phase of rabies?

A 
Hyperactivity
Hypersalivation
Hydrophobia
Agitation
Coma 
Death
53
Q

What species is paralytic phase of rabies found in?

A

Ruminants and horses

54
Q

What are the symptoms of paralytic rabies?

A

Flaccid paralysis spreading from the site of the bite

Death from resp failure

55
Q

How does the virus spread from the brain to he salivary glands?

A

Via symp and parasymp nerves

56
Q

When is rabies virus shed?

A

Shed before symptoms appear, time depending on the species

57
Q

How is rabies diagnosed?

A

Suspected animal killed and brain tissue collected
Immunohistological assessment of tissues
PCR of tissues and saliva

58
Q

What is the vaccine plan for rabies called?

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP)

Giving oral or injected vaccines before contracting the virus

59
Q

How is a case of rabies in humans treated?

A

Post-exposure prophylaxis within 24 hours:
Clean wound
Give dose of human rabies immunoglobulin/antibody
Give vaccine on days 0, 3, 7 and 14

60
Q

What is the classification of papillomavirus?

A

Double stranded DNA - circular

Group 1

61
Q

Does papillomavirus have an envelope?

A

No

62
Q

What symmetry is the papillomavirus nucleocapsid?

A

Icosahedral

63
Q

What is found on the outer structure of a papillomavirus?

A

Capsid proteins L1 (major one) and L2

These are hypervariable amino acid loops

64
Q

Which genes/proteins on the papillomavirus genome are non-structural/regulatory?

A

Early proteins/genes - E1-8

65
Q

What do papillomaviruses use to replicate?

A

Host cell nuclear machinery/replication factors/enzymes

Because papillomavirus doesnt encode for a polymerase

66
Q

What does papillomavirus E1 protein do?

A

Is a helicase that unwinds the viral DNA

67
Q

What cells do papillomaviruses infect/replicate in?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells and mucosal epithelial cells

68
Q

Which cells are infected by papillomavirus initially?

A

Basal keratinocytes via fissues/wounds

69
Q

How does papillomavirus enter cells?

A

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis after binding to heparin sulphate

70
Q

Where is the viral genome replicated in papillomaviruses?

A

Nucleus

71
Q

How does papillomavirus exit cells?

A

Cell death

Often just when cells are replaced naturally

72
Q

What does E5 cause in papillomaviruses?

A

Increase in cell division via various methods

73
Q

What are the three methods E5 from papillomaviruses uses to affect host cells?

A

Cell cycle dysregulation
Contact inhibition
Affects immune response

74
Q

How does E5 cause cell cycle dysregulation in papillomaviruses?

A

It binds to platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGF-R)
This induces the cell to keep dividing

75
Q

How does E5 cause contact inhibition in papillomaviruses?

A

It disrupts gap junction signalling

So cells cant tell they are close to other cells so dont stop dividing

76
Q

How does E5 affect the immune response to cells infected with papillomavirus?

A

It stops MHC receptors so virally infected cells arent recognised by the immune system

77
Q

How does E6 affect papillomavirus infected host cells?

A

It destroys the p53 transcription factor which induces apoptosis in virally infected cells
So prevents apoptosis

78
Q

How does E7 affect papillomavirus infect host cells?

A

Interacts with suppressor proteins so there is no suppression of transcription factors and the cell cycle is uncontrolled

79
Q

Where does papillomavirus viral protein production, viral gene expression and viral assembly occur?

A

Upper differentiated layers of stratum spinosum and granulosum of squamous epithelial cells

80
Q

Where does papillomavirus only affect affect?

A

Keratinocytes - only cells in the epithelium so skin and GI tract

81
Q

What papillomavirus viral genes are expressed in the basal layer of the epithelium?

A

E6 and E7

82
Q

What papillomavirus viral genes are expressed in the upper layers of the epithelium?

A

All genes, early and late

83
Q

What happens to the papillomavirus in the upper layers of the epithelium?

A

DNA replication and viral gene expression is upregulated
Viral copy number is amplified and genomes are encapsulated
These exit the cell as infectious viral particles

84
Q

What are two papillomavirus diseases that affects cows?

A

Bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma

Enzootic haematuria

85
Q

Where does bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma affect in the body?

A

Oesophagus, rumen and reticulum

86
Q

What causes the lesions of bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma to turn malignant?

A

Bracken fern

87
Q

What type of cancer is bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

88
Q

Where in the body does enzootic haematuria affect?

A

The bladder

89
Q

What causes enzootic haematuria?

A

Grazing on poor pastures with lots of bracken fern

90
Q

What are the symptoms of enzootic haematuria?

A

Haemorrhaging from tumours in the bladder

91
Q

What disease in horses is caused by papillomavirus?

A

Equine sarcoids

92
Q

Which type of BPV is associated with equine sarcoids?

A

Type 1 or 2

93
Q

What type of neoplasm is equine sarcoids?

A

Locally invasive benign fibroblastic skin/cutaneous tumour

94
Q

How are equine sarcoids treated?

A

Surgical removal - recurrence is common

95
Q

Can you vaccinate against equine sarcoids?

A

No

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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