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Equine reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the mares normal oestrous cycle?

A

21 days

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2
Q

How long is the mares normal oestrus?

A

2-7 days

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3
Q

What are counted as high risk mares?

A

Previously positive mares

Travelling outside UK

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4
Q

What do you swab horses for?

A

Contagious equine metritis - notifiable
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella

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5
Q

What causes contagious equine metritis?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

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6
Q

What is a sign of active CEM infection?

A

Purulent discharge

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7
Q

What are the two types of culture used for the swabs?

A

Aerobic and microaerophilic

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8
Q

What are the two notifiable diseases that are detected by serology?

A

Equine viral arteritis

Equine infectious anaemia

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9
Q

What does a seropositive infection mean for equine infectious anaemia?

A

Definite infection

Unlike equine viral arteritis which has a vaccination

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10
Q

What is the ideal perineal conformation?

A

Vulva 0-10 degrees from vertical
3/4 of the vulva below the pelvic brim - top open
Mostly vertical
Have a vulval seal

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11
Q

What are the steps of a breeding soundness exam?

A 
Prebreeding swabs
General clinical exam
Repro clinical exam - Check perineal conformation
Rectal ovarian palpation and US
Check vestibule, vagina and cervix
Endometrial swabs
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12
Q

What are the different breeding methods in mares?

A

Natural covering
Fresh, chilled and frozen AI
Deep intrauterine insemination

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13
Q

When is deep intrauterine insemination used?

A

When mares react badly to AI and get endometriosis

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14
Q

How do you predict ovulation?

A

Follicle - 4-5cm
Oedema pattern on ultrasound
Flattening/softening of cervix

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15
Q

How to bring forward the spring transition into oestrous?

A

Administer progestagens and then withdraw them - altrenogest

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16
Q

How do you shorten the luteal cycle?

A

Use synthetic progesterone - estrumate

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17
Q

What is required to be able to shorten the luteal phase of the oestrus cycle?

A

Need a mature CL

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18
Q

How do you prevent oestrus?

A

Oral altrenogest

GnRH vaccine

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19
Q

How do you treat endometritis?

A

Flush sterile saline and oxytocin/prostaglandins

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20
Q

What causes infectious endometritis?

A

Commensals - common
Taylorella/klebsiella/pseudomonas
Yeast
Fungi

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21
Q

What are the main causes of poor fertility in horses?

A

Erratic oestrus
Persistent CL
Anovulatory follicle
Granulosa cell tumour

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22
Q

What electrolytes increase before foaling?

A

Calcium

Potassium

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23
Q

What is the rule of 3 when foaling?

A

Stand by 1, suckle by 2, pass placenta by 3

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24
Q

What events occur post partum?

A

Uterine involution

Foal heat - 5-9 days

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25
Q

How do you induce parturition?

A

Low dose oxytoxin

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26
Q

What is red bag delivery?

A

Allantochorion is passed before the foal is delivered - premature placental separation

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27
Q

When does it count as dystocia?

A

When the allantochorion ruptures but
No foal/amnion at vulva in 5 mins
No strong contractions at 10 mins

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28
Q

When should you stop vaginal assisted delivery?

A

When there has been no progress in 5 mins

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29
Q

What does clenbuterol do?

A

Stops uterine contractions

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30
Q

How do you treat retained foetal membranes?

A

Oxytocin

Manual traction

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31
Q

What can retained foetal membranes cause?

A

Endometritis
Laminitis
Shock
Death

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32
Q

What is a first degree perineal laceration?

A

Just the vulval lips

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33
Q

What is a second degree perineal laceration?

A

Vulval lips and muscle layers

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34
Q

What is a third degree perineal laceration?

A

Common opening between vulva and anus

Complete disruption of rectovestibular shelf

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35
Q

When should you inspect for cervical trauma?

A

Dioestrus

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36
Q

What can post partum colic mean?

A

Uterine haematoma

Hypocalcaemia

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37
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

A

Dry faeces
Spontaneous diaphragmatic flutter
Tetanic spasms

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38
Q

What is an issue with premature lactation?

A

Potential for failure of passive transfer to foal
collect colostrum
Check for placentitis

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39
Q

How can you diagnose pregnancy in a mare before 21 days?

A

Transrectal ultrasound - from d12
Elevated plasma progesterone
Failure to return to oestrus

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40
Q

When can you perform transrectal palpation to diagnose pregnancy?

A

From 21 days

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41
Q

What can you measure in a blood test to diagnose pregnancy in a mare from 60 days?

A

Plasma equine chorionic gonadotrophin

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42
Q

When does the foetus go out of reach?

A

85 days

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43
Q

What is the difference between a pregnancy and a cyst?

A

Pregnancy is spherical, specular reflections

Cyst is irregular

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44
Q

How do you check for twins?

A

Check for 1 or 2 CL

Can also US or manually palpate

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45
Q

How are twins managed in the mare?

A

Manual rupture - pinch
(Separate if not implanted to prevent killing both
Or abort both with PG

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46
Q

What are the risks with pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Rectal tears
Risk of killing both
Abortion

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47
Q

How can you tell if there is a rectal tear?

A

Blood on rectal glove

Sudden loss of rectal tone

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48
Q

What are the risk factors for rectal tears?

A

Rectal examination
Dystocia
Age
Breed

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49
Q

How can you reduce the risk of rectal tears?

A

Sedation, relaxants - buscopan

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50
Q

What should you do if there is a rectal tear?

A

Admit to owner immediately
ABs, NSAIDs
Absorbent packing
Referral

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51
Q

What produces progesterone in horses?

A

Prim/secondary CLs initially

Then supported by equine chorionic gonadotrophin from endometrial cups

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52
Q

Up until what point can you do intended abortion by vet?

A

<35 days - until endometrial cups form

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53
Q

How does oestrus next present after embryo loss at 5-15 days?

A

Early return to oestrus

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54
Q

How does oestrus next present after embryo loss at 16-36 days?

A

6 weeks after luteolysis of primary CL

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55
Q

How does oestrus next present after embryo loss at 36-140 days?

A

5 months after luteolysis of secondary CL

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56
Q

What are the 3 main infectious causes of abortion in mares?

A

Bacterial placentitis
Equine herpes virus
Equine viral arteritis

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57
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial placentitis?

A

Vulval discharge
Premature lactation
Abortion

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58
Q

HOw do you diagnose bacterial placentitis?

A

Measure thickness of uterus and placenta

Swab cervix

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59
Q

What is the main pathogen causing bacterial placentitis?

A

Strep zooepidemicus

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60
Q

Which type of equine herpes virus is most likely to cause abortion?

A

EHV-1

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61
Q

What is important in the treatment of EHV-1?

A

Aborted foetus is highly contagious to other mares so dispose correctly

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62
Q

What are the clinical signs of Equine viral arteritis?

A

Abortion
Conjunctivitis
Scrotal swelling

63
Q

What are some non infectious causes of pregnancy loss?

A

Twisted umbilical cord
Uterine torsion
Twins
Premature placental separation

64
Q

How do you treat uterine dorsoretroflexion?

A

Clenbuterol and gentle exercise

65
Q

What are the signs of a ruptured prepubic tendon?

A

Massive ventral swelling

Pitting oedema

66
Q

What fluid is involved in hydrops uteri?

A

Allantoic fluid

67
Q

How do you treat hydrops uteri?

A

Abortion

Treat for shock after fluid loss

68
Q

How can you clear any post covering luminal fluid?

A

Oxytocin

Prostaglandins

69
Q

What method of breeding do all thoroughbreds use?

A

In hand breeding

70
Q

What is the maximum no of covers?

71
Q

What are the 5 stages of a stallion breeding soundness exam?

A 
General health - vaccination status
Gross examination
Bacteriological screening
Virology 
Semen elavuation
72
Q

What are the 3 main stallion vaccinations?

A

Influenza
Tetanus
EHV-1 and EHV-4

73
Q

Where should you do the bacteriological swabs?

A

Urethral orifice
Urethral fossa
Prepuce
Pre-ejaculatory fluid

74
Q

What/how many bacteriological swabs should a low risk stallion have?

A

2 negative sets of swabs >7 days apart

75
Q

What pathogens are bacteriological swabs screening for?

A

CEMO
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas

76
Q

How do you treat bacterial venereal pathogens?

A

Topical - clean penis

Inoculate with health bacteria broth from normal stallion

77
Q

How do you treat equine viral arteritis?

A

Symptomatic treatment - spontaneous recovery over 1 month

30% shed in semen for life - castrate these

78
Q

What is required after semen collection?

A

Removal of the gel fraction

79
Q

Why remove the gel fraction?

A

Reduces sperm motility

Reduces longevity

80
Q

How do you remove the gel fraction?

A

Filtration at entry to collection vessel

Suction with pipette

81
Q

What is the percentage of progressive motility of normal sperm?

82
Q

What is the percentage of morphologically live normal sperm?

83
Q

What is the normal volume of stallion ejaculate?

84
Q

What stain do you use to evaluate semen morphology?

A

Nigrosin

Eosin

85
Q

What different semen extenders are there?

A

Milk or egg based

86
Q

What ratio of semen extender do you use?

A

1:3 - semen:extender

87
Q

How do you prepare frozen semen?

A

Centrifuge
Dilute into cryoprotective solution
Cool to 5 degrees
Freeze in liquid nitrogen

88
Q

What is semen stored in?

A

0.5ml straws

89
Q

What is the recommended minimum sperm per dose?

A

200 million progressively motile sperm per dose

90
Q

What is the BEVA minimum standard for fresh semen?

A

Progressively motile with normal morphology >50%

91
Q

What is the BEVA minimum standard for chilled semen?

A

> 500x10^6 progressively motile sperm/dose at AI

92
Q

What is the BEVA minimum standard for frozen semen?

A

> 30% PM sperm

93
Q

How do you unfreeze frozen semen?

A

Fast thaw for 30 secs at 37 degrees

94
Q

What can temporarily reduce spermatogenesis for a few months?

95
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take to occur?

96
Q

What doe abnormal testes look like on ultrasound?

A

Generalised/focal change to testicular echotexture - cellular infiltration, cysts etc.

97
Q

What can cause haemospermia?

A

Urethritis
Penile laceration
Accessory gland infection

98
Q

What can cause urospermia?

A

Cystitis - bladder infection

Cauda equine syndrome

99
Q

What can cause pyospermia?

A

Seminal vesiculitis - bacteria

Infection of accessory glands

100
Q

When would you do a urethroscopy?

A

Visualise uroliths

Identify source of blood/pus

101
Q

What can cause ejaculatory dysfunction?

A

Neurological
Vascular
Pain - orthopaedic

102
Q

What is the goal of a caslicks procedure?

A

Improve the vulval seal

Reduce risk of endometritis/ascending placentitis

103
Q

What is another word ofr a caslicks procedure?

A

Episioplasty

104
Q

When are caslicks done?

A

When there is poor conformation
Previous foaling trauma
Pneumo/faeco/urovagina

105
Q

When is an episiotomy/removing caslicks done?

A

2 weeks before foaling date

106
Q

When does urovagina usually occur?

A

Thin multiparous mare

Sloping vaginal floor

107
Q

What is a uteropexy?

A

Elevate uterus by fixing uterine horns to dorsolateral abdominal walls
Fluid drains out

108
Q

When is a caesarean performed?

A

Dystocia
Uterine tear
Uterine torsion
Elective

109
Q

What are the complications of dystocia?

A

Repro tract trauma
Retained foetal membranes
Metritis
Bladder prolapse

110
Q

What is a rectovaginal fistula?

A

Tear on inside but not all the way to the outside, between the anus and the vulva
Anal sphincter intact

111
Q

How do you treat a 1st or 2nd degree perineal lacteration?

A

Repair when fresh like a caslicks

112
Q

How do you treat a 3rd degree perineal laceration?

A 
Leave time to granulate
Clean daily
Surgically close rectal mucosa
close vaginal mucosa
Close skin between anus and vulva
113
Q

When should you examine the cervix for laceration?

A

In all dystocia cases at 3 weeks post partum

114
Q

What should you do if there is a uterine laceration?

A

C section

May repair laceration before delivering foal

115
Q

When should you perform an ovariectomy?

A

Behaviour changes

Large ovary

116
Q

What is a common cause of large ovary or behaviour changes in a mare?

A

Granulosa cell tumour

117
Q

What behaviour changes can be seen due to a granulosa (theca) cell tumour?

A

Persistent oestrus behaviour
Nymphomania
Aggressive - stallion tendencies

118
Q

What is seen on serology that suggests a granulosa cell tumour?

A

Antimullarian hormone

119
Q

Why are horses castrated?

A

Behaviour modification
Improve gene pool
Medical reasions

120
Q

When does castration occur?

A

Between 6 and 24 months

When both testicles are present

121
Q

Why does castration occur at this age?

A

Allow handling training
Allow conformation of entire - muscles
After racing as colt

122
Q

When should open castration not be performed?

A

In mature stallions

Donkeys/mules

123
Q

What is semi-closed castration?

A

Vaginal tunic incised, contents checked then closed

124
Q

What type of castration must be done under general anaesthetic?

A

Semi-closed

Closed

125
Q

What is closed castration?

A

Testicle is removed in the vaginal tunic which is ligated and removed

126
Q

What can be used in standing field castration?

A

Emasculators

127
Q

How should emasculators be used?

A

Nut to nut

Leave for 3-5 mins when on

128
Q

What are some castration complications?

A 
Intestinal herneation
Persistent arterial haemorrhage 
Scrotal/preputial oedema
Infected tissue
Inflamed prepuce with discharge
129
Q

What is the name fore a cryptorchid horse?

130
Q

What are the different locations of a retained testicle?

A

Abdominal or inguinal

131
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed?

A

With a history
Palpation - sedate
Hormone assay

132
Q

How can you palpate for a testicle in the internal inguinal ring?

A

Transrectally

133
Q

What hormone is looked for on a hormone assay to identify cryptorchidism?

A

Anti-mullarian hormone

134
Q

How can cryptorchid horses be treated

A

Laparoscopic surgery - standing sedation or GA

135
Q

What are the two different methods of GA cryptorchid surgery?

A

Midline or inguinal approach

136
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Inability to protrude penis from prepuce

137
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Inability retract penis into prepuce

138
Q

What is priapism?

A

Persistent erection in the absence of stimulation

139
Q

What neoplasia of the penis may metastasise and where to?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Melanoma

140
Q

What neoplasia of the penis is a space occupying lesion that rarely metastasises?

141
Q

What are some complications of penile haematoma?

A

Urethral obstruction - catheterise

Paraphimosis/phimosis

142
Q

What can cause paraphimosis?

A

Oedema
Damage to innervation
ACP tranquilisers

143
Q

What can prolonged paraphimosis cause?

A

Oedema and swelling
Stretched nerves
Stretched retractor penis muscle

144
Q

How do you treat/manage paraphimosis?

A

Retain penis in sheath with purse string suture

Support in sling

145
Q

What is the most common cause of priapism?

A

ACP (phenothiazine)

146
Q

How can you treat priapism?

A

Adrenaline into corpus cavernosum - contracts smooth muscle

147
Q

What is segmental posthectomy (reefing)?

A

Take a circumferential cuff of the epithelium from the internal preputial lamina to help maintain the position of the penis in the prepuce

148
Q

What is penile amputation called?

A

Phallectomy

149
Q

What can phimosis cause?

A

Urine scalding within the sheath

150
Q

When is phimosis normal?

A

In foals under 1 month

151
Q

What are the two different types of strictures that can cause phimosis?

A

Constriction of the preputial orifice

Constriction of the preputial ring

152
Q

How is constriction of the preputial ring treated?

153
Q

What are uroliths made up of?

A

Calcium carbonate

154
Q

How are uroliths treated?

A

Perineal urethrotomy - crush stone and flush

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