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CVSOH BVSc3 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacteriostatic drugs?

A

Slows growth - bacteria cant reproduce

Will start to grow again when drug is removed
Rely on working immune system to clear the rest of

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2
Q

What are bactericidal drugs?

A

Kills bacteria

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3
Q

What are the two different types of bacteriocidal drugs?

A

Time dependent drugs

Concentration dependent drugs

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4
Q

What is does a time dependent drug mean?

A

Drug needs to stay at effective concentrations within the body for as long as possible
Peak conc doesnt matter

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5
Q

What does concentration dependent drug mean?

A

Peak conc determines effectiveness of drug

Big dose better - quicker

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6
Q

What are inhibitors of peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta lactams - penicillins and cephalosporins

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7
Q

What are beta lactams more effective against?

A

Gram positive bacteria

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8
Q

What can cause beta lactam resistance?

A

Beta lactamase produced by bacteria to break down the drug

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9
Q

What can be used to inhibit beta lactamases so reduce beta lactam resistance?

A

Clavulanic acid - given alongside beta lactams

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10
Q

Which is the best beta lactam drug?

A

Amoxicillin

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11
Q

How are penicillins distributed?

A

Widely - dont cross blood brain barrier

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12
Q

How are beta lactams eliminated?

A

By the kidney

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13
Q

What is the therapeutic ratio of beta lactams?

A

Wide - mammalian cells dont have a cell wall

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14
Q

What adverse reactions are a risk from beta lactams?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

GI superinfection - death of gut flora

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15
Q

What antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

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16
Q

What effect do aminoglycosides have on bacterial protein synthesis?

A

Cause misreading of translation - wrong tRNA binds

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17
Q

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides affect?

A

Mostly gram negative

More effective against aerobic bacteria - energy dependent to cross outer membrane

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18
Q

Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriocidal - concentration dependent

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19
Q

Are beta lactams bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriocidal - time dependent

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20
Q

What are the adverse reactions of aminoglycosides?

A

Nephrotoxicity - bind to proximal tubule cells

Ear damage

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21
Q

How are aminoglycosides administered?

A

IV, SC injections

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22
Q

How do macrolides prevent bacteril protein synthesis?

A

They bind to the P side in the ribosome to prevent translocation of the mRNA

23
Q

What is an example of a macrolide antibiotic?

A

Erythromycin

24
Q

What type of bacteria do macrolides affect?

A

Gram positive bacteria (not at all gram negative)

25
Q

Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

Erythromycin bacteriocidal at high doses

26
Q

How do tetracyclines affect bacterial protein synthesis?

A

Bind to the A site on the ribosome - prevents tRNA binding

27
Q

What bacteria does tetracyclines affect?

A

Wide spectrum - everything

But due to this they are prone to resistance

28
Q

What impairs tetracycline absorption?

A

Calcium/milk products

29
Q

What is tetracycline distribution?

A

Wide - including CNS

30
Q

Why do tetracyclines not affect mammalian cells?

A

Dont have the carrier protein to cross cell membrane

31
Q

What is the main resistance mechanism of bacteria against tetracyclines?

A

Efflux pump

32
Q

What adverse reactions can you get to tetracyclines?

A

GI disturbances
Dont give orally to ruminants
Chelate calcium - affects enamel on teeth

33
Q

How do chloramphenicols prevent bacterial protein synthesis?

A

Inhibit peptide bond formation

34
Q

Are chloramphenicols bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

35
Q

What adverse reactions can chloramphenicols cause?

A

Anaemia by suppression of bone marrow

36
Q

How are chloramphenicols administered?

A

Orally

37
Q

What type of bacteria do chloramphenicols affect?

A

Best against obligate anaerobes but also affects all other types

38
Q

What do antibiotic drugs affecting bacterial DNA synthesis target?

A

Folate synthesis

39
Q

What antibiotics affect folate synthesis?

A

Sulphonamides

Trimethoprim

40
Q

How do sulphonamides affect bacterial DNA synthesis?

A

Competitive inhibitor of DHPS enzyme which is used to produce folate

41
Q

What bacteria types do sulphonamides affect?

A

Wide spectrum - both gram positive and negative

42
Q

Are sulphonamides bacteriostatic or bacteriosidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

43
Q

What adverse reactions can sulphonamides cause?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

44
Q

How does trimethoprim affect bacterial DNA synthesis?

A

Inhibits DHFR enzyme

45
Q

What can trimethoprim be combined with and why?

A

Sulphonamides
Combination is bacteriocidal
Also effecting against protozoal infections

46
Q

What is a problem with trimethoprim and sulphonamides combination?

A

Resistance is a big problem

47
Q

How do fluoroquinolones affect bacteria?

A

They interfere with the packaging of the chromosome within the bacteria - interfere with DNA gyrase

48
Q

What bacteria do fluoroquinolones affect?

A

Wide spectrum - except obligate anaerobes

49
Q

Are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

50
Q

What adverse reactions do fluoroquinolones cause?

A

Rare - very popular due to this so shouldnt use as first line treatment (resistance)

51
Q

How does metronidazole affect bacteria?

A

Causes DNA fragmentaton

52
Q

What bacteria does metronidazole affect?

A

Obligate anaerobes only

53
Q

How is metronidazole excreted?

A

Renal and hepatic excretion

54
Q

What adverse reactions does metronidazole cause?

A

Rare, usually mild

Cats may salivate a lot

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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