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CVSOH BVSc3 > Equine respiratory disease > Flashcards

Equine respiratory disease Flashcards

1
Q

How do you sample discharge from the gutteral pouch?

A

Nasopharyngeal swab, stimulate horse to swallow

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2
Q

What can cause primary sinusitis?

A

Upper resp tract infections

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3
Q

What can cause secondary sinusitis?

A

Dental infections
Tumours
Head trauma

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of primary sinusitis?

A

Accumulation of exudate within the sinus
Ipsilateral purulent nasal discharge
Facial swelling

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5
Q

How do you treat sinusitis?

A

Antimicrobials
Ground feed
Dental extraction + irrigation
Sinus lavage

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6
Q

What are sinus cysts?

A

Progressive non-neoplastic lesions
Expansile - distort surrounding bone
Produce mucous and

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7
Q

How do you treat sinus cysts?

A

surgical removal – nasofrontal flap/ trephination

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8
Q

What is the most common disease of the gutteral pouch?

A

Gutteral pouch empyema

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9
Q

What causes gutteral pouch empyema?

A

Retropharyngeal LN abscess burst dorsally

Strep equi

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10
Q

What can chronic presence of exudates in gutteral pouch cause?

A

Solid chondroid formation - small marbles of solidified material

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11
Q

How do you treat gutteral pouch empyema/chondroids?

A

GP lavage and drainage

Penicillin-gelatin mix

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12
Q

What is Guttural Pouch Mycosis?

A

Fungal infection (aspergillus) of guttural pouch

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13
Q

What structures are in the gutteral pouch which are damaged during gutteral pouch mycosis?

A

Maxillary artery
Internal/External Carotid arteries
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of gutteral pouch mycosis?

A

Epistaxis - bleeding from nose

Dysphagia - inability to swallow, nerve damage

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15
Q

How do you treat gutteral pouch mycosis?

A

Topical antifungal agent

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16
Q

What is Temporohyoid osteopathy?

A

New bone formed around temporohyoid joint causing join fusion
Movement can lead to hyoid joint fracture

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17
Q

What abnormal inspiratory noise do horses make?

A

Roaring/whistling

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18
Q

What abnormal expiratory noise do horses make?

A

Gurgling

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19
Q

What are the two main parts of palatal dysfunction?

A

Dorsal displacement of soft palate

Palatal instability

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20
Q

What noise does Dorsal displacement of soft palate cause?

A

Abnormal expiratory noise

Gurgling

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21
Q

What noise does palatal instability cause?

A

Abnormal inspiratory noise - Roaring/whistling

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22
Q

How can you surgically treat dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

Palate cautery, laryngeal tie forward

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23
Q

How can you treat pharyngeal wall collapse?

A

4-5m rest + corticosteroids

24
Q

What is another word for Arytenoid Cartilage Collapse?

A

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

25
Q

What muscle does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle - abducts arytenoid cartilage

26
Q

What noise does Arytenoid Cartilage Collapse cause?

A

Inspiratory noise - whistle, roar

27
Q

What laryngeal function score is used in UK?

A

Lane

28
Q

How is Arytenoid Cartilage Collapse treated?

A

Laryngoplasty - tieback
Ventriculocordectomy - hobday, remove ventricle and vocal cord
Laryngeal reinnervation

29
Q

What is 4th Branchial Arch Defect?

A

Congenital defect – failure in the development of the 4th branchial arch – ring of thyroid, cricothyroid articulation, cricothyroideus, cricopharyngeal muscles

30
Q

What are the two main viral causes of infectious respiratory disease in horses?

A

Herpes virus

Influenza

31
Q

What are the two main bacterial causes of infectious respiratory disease in horses and foals?

A

Strep equi - strangyles

Rhodococcus equi - foals

32
Q

What are the main diagnostic techniques for infectious respiratory diseases in horses?

A

Antibody titres
Nasal/nasopharyngeal swab
Gutteral pouch lavage

33
Q

What do EHV1&4 cause?

A

URT infection

Also abortion

34
Q

How do you treat EHV1&4?

A

No specific treatment

Rest, NSAIDs, antibiotics for infections

35
Q

What does equine influenza cause?

A

U/LRT -damages respiratory epithelium

Persisent cough

36
Q

How is equine influenza detected?

A

PCR on nasopharyngeal swab

37
Q

How is equine influenza controlled?

A

Isolate and vaccinate

38
Q

What does strangyles/strep equi cause?

A

URT lymph node infection - retropharyngeal, submandibular lymph nodes
Can spread, persist in gutteral pouch

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of strangyles?

A

Purulent nasal discharge

Lymphadenopathy

40
Q

How is strangyles treated?

A

Isolate (until 3 negative tests)
Improve hygiene
NSAIDs
Antibiotics - only if necessary

41
Q

How is strangyles controlled?

A

Vaccination

42
Q

What does rhodococcus equi cause?

A

Bacterial pneumonia – abscesses in lungs

In foals

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of rhodococcus equi?

A

Tachypnoea
Nasal discharge
Cough
Crackling lung sounds

44
Q

How is rhodococcus equi diagnosed?

A

High WBC and fibrinogen on TW/BAL

Imaging

45
Q

How is rhodococcus equi treated?

A

macrolide & rifampicin

46
Q

What are the main lungworms in horses?

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

Parascaris Equorum

47
Q

How do you treat lungworm in horses?

A

Ivermectin, Fenbendazole

48
Q

What is the most common type of inflammatory response in horses?

A

Neutrophilia

49
Q

What are the most common lower respiratory tract diseases in horses?

A

Equine asthma

Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage

50
Q

What are the main treatments for lower respiratory tract diseases in horses?

A

Corticosteroids - anti-inflammatories
eg. Dexamethosone, prednisolone
Bronchodilators - buscopan, atropine, clenbuterol

51
Q

What is severe equine asthma?

A

Obstructive lower resp tract disease due to immune mediated hypersensitivity causeing airway inflammation

52
Q

What makes severe equine asthma an obstructive disease?

A

bronchospasm, increase mucus, oedema, inflammation

53
Q

How is equine asthma diagnosed?

A

Neutrophilia TW/BAL

Endoscopy

54
Q

How is mild to moderate asthma treated?

A

Environmental management

Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone

55
Q

How is severe asthma treated?

A

Bronchodilator - buscopan
Clenbuterol
Atropine
Corticosteroid - prednisolone

56
Q

What is mild to moderate asthma?

A

Inflammatory airway disease

Poor performance, serous-mucoid discharge

57
Q

What is exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage?

A

Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries from high pulmonary pressures

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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