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CVSOH BVSc3 > Cardiorespiratory radiology > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory radiology Flashcards

1
Q

How do the crura of the diaphragm differ on left lateral view compared to right lateral?

A

Left lateral - more of a V, meet halfway down the thorax

Right lateral - more parallel

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2
Q

What does pneumothorax look like on radiograph?

A

Lifting of heart
Caudal lung margin separate from spine
Outline mediastinal structures

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3
Q

What does a pleural effusion look like on radiograph?

A

Everything whiter
Obscured outlines
Scalloped (collapsed) lung lobes
Lung margins retracted from thoracic wall

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4
Q

What are the most common mediastinal masses? Where are they?

A

Lymphoma
Thyoma
Cranial

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5
Q

Where is the bifurcation of the trachea located?

A

4th/5th intercostal space

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6
Q

What are the 3 man pathological lung patterns?

A

Bronchial
Alveolar
Interstitial

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7
Q

What are the two different types of interstitial lung pattern?

A

Nodular

Unstructured

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8
Q

Where are bronchial markings seen normally?

A

Hilar region - more prominant with age

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9
Q

What are abnormal bronchial markings?

A

Tramlines and donuts - longitudinal and transverse

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10
Q

What can cause bronchial markings?

A

Chronic lower airway disease
Cushings
Age - calcification

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11
Q

How does alveolar pattern present on radiograph?

A

Fluffy, hazy soft tissue opacity filled lungs
Soft tissue margins are obscured - heart, blood vessels
Air bronchograms

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12
Q

What are air bronchograms?

A

Bronchi remain air filled so stand out clearly

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13
Q

What can cause alveolar filling?

A

Pulmonary oedema
Haemorrhage
Pneumonia
Neoplasia

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14
Q

What differential diagnosis is more likely with ventral alveolar filling?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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15
Q

What differential diagnosis is more likely with alveolar filling around heart base?

A

Cardiogenic oedema

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16
Q

What differential diagnosis is more likely with caudodorsal alveolar filling?

A

Inhaled foreign body

17
Q

What differential diagnosis is more likely with peripheral alveolar filling?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum infestation

18
Q

What does a nodular interstitial lung pattern look like?

A

Single/multiple nodules
Solid - pulmonary metastases
Distinguish from end on blood vessels

19
Q

What does unstructured/diffuse interstitial lung pattern look like?

A

Increased opacity of lung
Net curtains
Blurring of vessel margins but vessels remain visible

20
Q

What can cause unstructured/diffuse interstitial lung pattern?

A

Infiltration of lung tissue with fluid
Interstitial oedema/pneumonia/haemorrhage
Pulmonary fibrosis

21
Q

Where do veins lie in respect to their corresponding artery on radiograph?

A

Ventral and central

22
Q

What should the diameter of the caudal lobar pulmonary vessels be equivalent to?

A

The 9th rib where they cross

23
Q

What can cause enlarged vessels on radiograph?

A

LsCHF
Heartworm
Left to right shunts eg. ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus

24
Q

How wide should the heart be in a cat?

A

2-2.5 intercostal spaces

25
Q

How wide should the heart be in a dog?

A

2.5-3.5 intercostal spaces

26
Q

How do you work out the vertebral heart score?

A

Long axis add short axis (count from T5)

27
Q

What is a normal range of vertebral heart score in a dog?

A

8.5-10.6

28
Q

What are indications of left cardiac enlargement on a radiograph?

A

Tall heart
Pushed up trachea
Straight caudal border of heart
Tenting left atrium

29
Q

What can cause left cardiac enlargement?

A 
Dilated cardiomyopathy
MMVD
PDA
VSD
Aortic stenosis
30
Q

What are indications of right cardiac enlargement on a radiograph?

A

Wide heart
Apex lifted from sternum
Reverse D shape - straight left side, round right side

31
Q

What can cause right cardiac enlargement?

A

Right AV valve insufficiency
Pulmonic stenosis
Tetralogy of fallot
ventricular septal defect

32
Q

What can cause generalised cardiomegaly (big heart)?

A

Pericardial effusion
Idiopathic
Neoplasia

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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