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CVSOH BVSc3 > EL Anaesthesia drugs > Flashcards

EL Anaesthesia drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some key interspecies differences in pharmacokinetics /pharmacodynamics?

A

Anatomy - size, skin etc.
Physiology - organ systems
Behaviour
Genetics

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2
Q

What can affect IM injections in birds and reptiles?

A

Renal portal system

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3
Q

What is the renal portal system?

A

Blood from caudal body drains through kidney before going to heart

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4
Q

What can be an issue with subcut injections in cats?

A

Fibromatous reactions

Vaccine induced sarcomas

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5
Q

What is neophobia?

A

Being unwilling to take in novel substances due to being unable to vomit

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6
Q

How does the reticulorumen affect drug administration/absorption in ruminants?

A

Slow emptying
Poor absorption
Acidic

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7
Q

How is the reticulo-omasal orifice important in drug administration/absorption?

A

Can be used for prolonged delivery devices eg. boluses

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8
Q

What about the horses GI tract can affect drug absortion and administration?

A

Cellulose binding - feed changes bioavailability

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9
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

Study of variability in drug response due to heredity

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10
Q

What is pharmacogenomics?

A

How all genes in the genome may determine drug response

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11
Q

What are examples of pharmacogenetics?

A

Cytochrome P450 in greyhounds

MDR1 in collies

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12
Q

What kind of dose extrapolation is most common?

A

Allometric scaling - weight

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13
Q

What are the main categories of drugs used for sedation/pre-meds?

A

Opioids
Alpha 2 agonist
ACP
Benzodiazepine

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14
Q

What are the most common injectable anaesthetic agents?

A

Propofol and alfaxalone

Ketamine

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15
Q

What type of drugs are propofol and alfaxalone?

A

GABA agonists

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16
Q

What is the an injectable anaesthetic agent used in large animals?

A

Ketamine

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17
Q

What are the main drugs used for euthanasia?

A

Pentobarbital

Somulose

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18
Q

What are the ideal factors of an injectable anaesthetic agent?

A 
Rapid onset
Non irritant
Non-cumulative
Good analgesia
Good muscle relaxation
Minimum cardiopulmonary effects
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19
Q

Does propofol provide analgesia?

A

No

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20
Q

Is propofol cumulative?

A

Not in dogs

Yes when infused in cats

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21
Q

Does propofol cross BBB?

A

No

22
Q

Is alfaxalone cumulative?

A

No

23
Q

What type of drug is ketamine?

A

NMDA antagonist - dissociative anaesthetic

24
Q

What effect does ketamine have on muscles?

A

Poor muscle relaxation

25
Q

What effect does ketamine have on the nervous system?

A

Sympathetic stimulation

26
Q

Does ketamine provide analgesia?

A

Yes

27
Q

What is the onset of ketamine like?

A

Slow - loud noises can cause excitement

28
Q

Is alfaxalone an irritant?

A

No

29
Q

What is ketamine administered with?

A

Benzodiazepines

30
Q

Why might TIVA be used?

A

Reduce exposure to inhalant

31
Q

What resp effects does propofol have?

A

Post induction apnoea common

32
Q

How are propofol, alfaxalone and ketamine metabolised?

A

Liver

33
Q

What effect does ketamine have on the anaesthetic reflexes?

A

Central eye and pharyngeal reflexes maintained

34
Q

Which injectable anaesthetic agent has a high plasma protein binding?

A

Propofol

35
Q

What does vapour mean?

A

Gaseous state of a substance that at ambient temp and pressure is a liquid

36
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Pressure that an individual gas exerts in a mixture of gases

37
Q

What is the partition coefficient?

A

Ratio of the concentration of a compound in two solvents at equilibrium

38
Q

How does cardiac output affect inhalational agent uptake/onset?

A

Lower CO is, the faster the onset

39
Q

How does blood gas solubility affect inhalational drug action?

A

Lower the blood gas solubility, the faster the drug onset and recovery is

40
Q

What factors affect what drugs to give farm animals?

A

Food producing animals - withdrawal periods, cascade

Pregnancy

41
Q

What sedatives are used in cattle?

A

Xylazine

Detomidine - not last trimester of pregnancy

42
Q

What sedative is used in pigs?

A

Azaperone

43
Q

What sedatives are used in sheep?

A

No sedatives licenced

44
Q

Are opioids given alongside a2 agonists in farm animals?

A

No

45
Q

What local anaesthetic is used in cattle?

A

Procaine hydrochloride plus epinephrine bitartrate - IM

46
Q

What is used for sedation in horses?

A

Acepromazine (ACP)

a2 agonists - xylazine and detomidine

47
Q

Are opioids given alongside a2 agonists in horses?

A

Yes

48
Q

What opioids are used in horses?

A

Butorphanol

Buprenorphine

49
Q

Why are opioids given alongside a2 agonists?

A

Synergistic effect on analgesia

Increased sedation

50
Q

What effects do a2 agonists have on horses?

A 
Muscle relaxation
Analgesia
Bradycardia
Sweating 
Decreased GI motility

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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