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CVSOH BVSc3 > Reproductive pathology > Flashcards

Reproductive pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What causes testicular differentiation during foetal development?

A

Sex determining region Y on the Y chromosome of male embryos

Produces testis determining factor

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2
Q

What causes chimerism?

A

Placental anastomosis alloing exchange of haemopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of chimerism?

A

Small ovaries
Small vulva
Prominant clitoris
Short blinding ending vagina

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4
Q

What is the main XY disorder of sexual development?

A

Sex reversal syndrome - no intracellular androgen receptors so no androgenic effect

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5
Q

What is the most common cyst of the ovaries?

A

Cystic rete ovarii - from mesonephric tubules

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6
Q

What cysts do mares get of the ovaries?

A

Fimbral cysts

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7
Q

What causes follicular cysts?

A

Defect in LH - follicle fails to ovulate

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8
Q

What causes luteinised cyst?

A

Ovulation fails to occur and theca undergoes luteinisation

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9
Q

What is a cystic corpus luteum?

A

CL forms after ovulation but has a central cavity of developing luteal tissue

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10
Q

What can cause ovarian haemorrhage?

A

Manual removal

Ovulation - physiological

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11
Q

What can cause oophoritis/ovarian inflammation?

A

Dog/cat - bacterial
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis

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12
Q

What are the main tumours of the ovaries?

A

Granulosa-theca cell tumour

Thecoma and luteoma

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13
Q

What are granulosa-theca cell tumours?

A

Hormone producing tumours of coexisting granulosa and theca cells in the same tumour

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14
Q

What is a thecoma?

A

Tumour of only the theca cells

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15
Q

What animal are tumours of the celomic epithelium common in? What type of tumour are they?

A

Dogs

Adenoma

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16
Q

What are the two problems with development of the paramesonephric ducts/

A

Segmental aplasia - doesnt develop

Incomplete fusion

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17
Q

What is hypdrosalpinx?

A

Distention of the uterine duct by mucous

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18
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

Inflammation of the uterine tubes

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19
Q

What is pyosalpinc?

A

Acute septic inflammation and pus in the lumen of the oviduct

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20
Q

What causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Excessive/prolonged estrogenic stimulation

Associated with follicular cysts/granulosa tumours

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21
Q

What are the 3 different routes of inflammation of the uterus?

A

Ascending
Haematogenous - from systemic disease
Contiguity

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22
Q

When does endometritis most commonly occur?

A

After mating or post partum

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23
Q

What are some infectious agents that cause endometritis?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae
E. coli
Taylorella equigenitalis

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24
Q

What is the cause of contagious equine metritis?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

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25
Q

What is metritis?

A

Inflammation of the layers of the uterine wall

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26
Q

What is the main kind of primary neoplasia of the uterus in dogs?

A

Leiomyoma - smooth muscle cells

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27
Q

What is the main kind of primary neoplasia of the uterus in cows?

A

Endometrial carcinoma

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28
Q

What is the main secondary neoplasia of the uterus?

A

Lymphoma

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29
Q

What can cause cervicitis?

A

Contagious equine metritis
Post parturient inflammation
AI

30
Q

What are the two types of vaginitis/vulvitis?

A

Granular vulvitis

Viral - herpes virus

31
Q

What is a common neoplasia of the vagina and vulva?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

32
Q

What predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma of hte vulva?

A

Increased exposure to UV light

Depigmentation

33
Q

What are the 4 placental classifications? What animals are they in?

A

Diffuse - horses and pigs
Cotyledonary - ruminants
Zonary - dogs and cats
Discoid - primates and rodents

34
Q

What are common pathogens that cause mastitis?

A

Staph. aureus
Strep. agalactiae
E. coli

35
Q

What causes contagious mastitis?

A

Obligate mammary pathogens eg. staph, strep

36
Q

What causes environmental mastitis?

A

Environmental contaminants eg. E.coli

37
Q

What type of staph mastitis is more common in heifers?

A

Coagulase negative staph

38
Q

What type of staph mastitis is more common in older cows?

A

Coagulase positive

39
Q

What are the characteristics of coliform mastitis (E. coli)?

A

Oedema and haemorrhage

40
Q

How is strep mastitis different to staph mastitis?

A

Strep is usually permanently infected

Staph produces gangrenous mastitis

41
Q

What are the symptoms of viral mastitis?

A

Hard udder

No milk production

42
Q

What are the main features of mammary neoplasia in dogs?

A

Usually benign

Originate from glandular epithelium

43
Q

What are the different types of mammary neoplasia in dogs?

A

Mixed mammary tumours
Sarcomas
Adenomas

44
Q

What do mixed mammary tumours have?

A

Cartilage and bone

45
Q

What are the features of mammary sarcomas?

A

Less common, more agressive, metastatic

46
Q

What is the main mammary neoplasia in cats?

A

Adenocarcinomas

47
Q

What are the main features of adenocarcinoma mammary neoplasias?

A

Rapid growth, metastatic

48
Q

What is a hydrocele/hematocele of the scrotum?

A

Fluid/blood in the vaginal cavity

49
Q

What ectoparasites can cause scrotal inflammation?

A

Causes of dermatitis eg. chorioptes ovis mite, dermatophilus congolensis bacterium

50
Q

What is a side effect of scrotal inflammation?

A

Increased temperature, testicular degeneration

51
Q

Which testicle is more likely to be retained in a dog?

A

Right testicle

52
Q

What is a common congenital condition of the testes?

A

Testicular hyperplasia

53
Q

What are some causes of testicular atrophy?

A 
Trauma 
Stress
Hormones
Aging
Heat
54
Q

What causes a spermatic granuloma?

A

Failure of the efferent ductules to join with the epididymal duct
Ductules fill with sperm and rupture

55
Q

What are the main features of epididymitis?

A

Common
Ascending
Usually infectious
Swelling

56
Q

What often causes orchitis?

A

Secondary to epididymitis

57
Q

What is a seminoma?

A

Benign tumour of the testes common in dogs

Doesnt alter hormones

58
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

A cystic tumour in foals with cryptorchid testes

59
Q

What is an interstitial (leydig) cells tumour?

A

Multiple soft nodular slow growing masses on testes

60
Q

What are sertoli cell tumour?

A

Large solid masses that produce oestrogens on testes

61
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus

62
Q

What can cause hypoplasia of the penis?

A

Early castration

Lack of testosterone

63
Q

What can cause directional deviations of the penis?

A

Persistent penile frenulum
Asymmetrical development of the corpus cavernosum
curved os penis

64
Q

What are some examples of trauma to the penis?

A

Lacerations
penile haematoma
Fracture of os penis in dogs

65
Q

What is balanitis?

A

Inflammation ofhte head of the penis

66
Q

What is posthitis?

A

Inflammation of the prepuce

67
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Inflammation of the penile mucosa

68
Q

What can cause bovine balanoposthitis?

A

BHV-1

69
Q

What is an example of a tumour of the penis in dogs?

A

Canine transmissible venereal tumour

70
Q

What is an example of a tumour of the penis in bulls?

A

Bovine fibropapilloma

Fibrous tissue covered by epithelium

71
Q

What are some neoplasias of the penis in horses?

A

Squamous papilloma - keratinised epithelial tumour

Squamous cell carcinoma

72
Q

What are the features of squamous cells carcinoma of the penis?

A

Necrosis and ulceration of head of penis

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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