Reproductive pathology Flashcards
What causes testicular differentiation during foetal development?
Sex determining region Y on the Y chromosome of male embryos
Produces testis determining factor
What causes chimerism?
Placental anastomosis alloing exchange of haemopoietic stem cells
What are the symptoms of chimerism?
Small ovaries
Small vulva
Prominant clitoris
Short blinding ending vagina
What is the main XY disorder of sexual development?
Sex reversal syndrome - no intracellular androgen receptors so no androgenic effect
What is the most common cyst of the ovaries?
Cystic rete ovarii - from mesonephric tubules
What cysts do mares get of the ovaries?
Fimbral cysts
What causes follicular cysts?
Defect in LH - follicle fails to ovulate
What causes luteinised cyst?
Ovulation fails to occur and theca undergoes luteinisation
What is a cystic corpus luteum?
CL forms after ovulation but has a central cavity of developing luteal tissue
What can cause ovarian haemorrhage?
Manual removal
Ovulation - physiological
What can cause oophoritis/ovarian inflammation?
Dog/cat - bacterial
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis
What are the main tumours of the ovaries?
Granulosa-theca cell tumour
Thecoma and luteoma
What are granulosa-theca cell tumours?
Hormone producing tumours of coexisting granulosa and theca cells in the same tumour
What is a thecoma?
Tumour of only the theca cells
What animal are tumours of the celomic epithelium common in? What type of tumour are they?
Dogs
Adenoma
What are the two problems with development of the paramesonephric ducts/
Segmental aplasia - doesnt develop
Incomplete fusion
What is hypdrosalpinx?
Distention of the uterine duct by mucous
What is salpingitis?
Inflammation of the uterine tubes
What is pyosalpinc?
Acute septic inflammation and pus in the lumen of the oviduct
What causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Excessive/prolonged estrogenic stimulation
Associated with follicular cysts/granulosa tumours
What are the 3 different routes of inflammation of the uterus?
Ascending
Haematogenous - from systemic disease
Contiguity
When does endometritis most commonly occur?
After mating or post partum
What are some infectious agents that cause endometritis?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
E. coli
Taylorella equigenitalis
What is the cause of contagious equine metritis?
Taylorella equigenitalis
What is metritis?
Inflammation of the layers of the uterine wall
What is the main kind of primary neoplasia of the uterus in dogs?
Leiomyoma - smooth muscle cells
What is the main kind of primary neoplasia of the uterus in cows?
Endometrial carcinoma
What is the main secondary neoplasia of the uterus?
Lymphoma
What can cause cervicitis?
Contagious equine metritis
Post parturient inflammation
AI
What are the two types of vaginitis/vulvitis?
Granular vulvitis
Viral - herpes virus
What is a common neoplasia of the vagina and vulva?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma of hte vulva?
Increased exposure to UV light
Depigmentation
What are the 4 placental classifications? What animals are they in?
Diffuse - horses and pigs
Cotyledonary - ruminants
Zonary - dogs and cats
Discoid - primates and rodents
What are common pathogens that cause mastitis?
Staph. aureus
Strep. agalactiae
E. coli
What causes contagious mastitis?
Obligate mammary pathogens eg. staph, strep
What causes environmental mastitis?
Environmental contaminants eg. E.coli
What type of staph mastitis is more common in heifers?
Coagulase negative staph
What type of staph mastitis is more common in older cows?
Coagulase positive
What are the characteristics of coliform mastitis (E. coli)?
Oedema and haemorrhage
How is strep mastitis different to staph mastitis?
Strep is usually permanently infected
Staph produces gangrenous mastitis
What are the symptoms of viral mastitis?
Hard udder
No milk production
What are the main features of mammary neoplasia in dogs?
Usually benign
Originate from glandular epithelium
What are the different types of mammary neoplasia in dogs?
Mixed mammary tumours
Sarcomas
Adenomas
What do mixed mammary tumours have?
Cartilage and bone
What are the features of mammary sarcomas?
Less common, more agressive, metastatic
What is the main mammary neoplasia in cats?
Adenocarcinomas
What are the main features of adenocarcinoma mammary neoplasias?
Rapid growth, metastatic
What is a hydrocele/hematocele of the scrotum?
Fluid/blood in the vaginal cavity
What ectoparasites can cause scrotal inflammation?
Causes of dermatitis eg. chorioptes ovis mite, dermatophilus congolensis bacterium
What is a side effect of scrotal inflammation?
Increased temperature, testicular degeneration
Which testicle is more likely to be retained in a dog?
Right testicle
What is a common congenital condition of the testes?
Testicular hyperplasia
What are some causes of testicular atrophy?
Trauma Stress Hormones Aging Heat
What causes a spermatic granuloma?
Failure of the efferent ductules to join with the epididymal duct
Ductules fill with sperm and rupture
What are the main features of epididymitis?
Common
Ascending
Usually infectious
Swelling
What often causes orchitis?
Secondary to epididymitis
What is a seminoma?
Benign tumour of the testes common in dogs
Doesnt alter hormones
What is a teratoma?
A cystic tumour in foals with cryptorchid testes
What is an interstitial (leydig) cells tumour?
Multiple soft nodular slow growing masses on testes
What are sertoli cell tumour?
Large solid masses that produce oestrogens on testes
What is varicocele?
Dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus
What can cause hypoplasia of the penis?
Early castration
Lack of testosterone
What can cause directional deviations of the penis?
Persistent penile frenulum
Asymmetrical development of the corpus cavernosum
curved os penis
What are some examples of trauma to the penis?
Lacerations
penile haematoma
Fracture of os penis in dogs
What is balanitis?
Inflammation ofhte head of the penis
What is posthitis?
Inflammation of the prepuce
What is balanoposthitis?
Inflammation of the penile mucosa
What can cause bovine balanoposthitis?
BHV-1
What is an example of a tumour of the penis in dogs?
Canine transmissible venereal tumour
What is an example of a tumour of the penis in bulls?
Bovine fibropapilloma
Fibrous tissue covered by epithelium
What are some neoplasias of the penis in horses?
Squamous papilloma - keratinised epithelial tumour
Squamous cell carcinoma
What are the features of squamous cells carcinoma of the penis?
Necrosis and ulceration of head of penis
