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CVSOH BVSc3 > Bacteriology - fastidious bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteriology - fastidious bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main feature of fastidious bacteria?

A

They are difficult to grow so hard to confirm a diagnosis

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2
Q

What are the two main fastidious bacteria?

A

Chlamydiales

Rickettsiales

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3
Q

Are chlamydiales and rickettsiales gram positive or gram negative?

A

Appear gram negative - dont have LPS but also dont have peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Where are fastidious bacteria found?

A

In epithelial cells, blood cells and macrophages - inside cells rather than on surface

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5
Q

Where do fastidious bacteria grow?

A

Inside cells

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6
Q

What does rickettsia infect?

A

Endothelial cells lining capillaries - multiply in cytoplasm

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7
Q

What does ehrlichia infect?

A

Red blood cells (haemolytic anaemia) and immune cells

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8
Q

How are rickettsia and ehrlichia transmitted?

A

Blood sucking arthropod vectors

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9
Q

Why do fastidious bacteria need to be intracellular to survive?

A

Missing cofactors and precursors

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10
Q

How is reckettsia treated?

A

Antibiotics

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11
Q

What is chlamydia associated with?

A

Mucous membranes - resp, GI, conjunctival, urogenital

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12
Q

How does chlamydia present as a disease?

A

Subclinical persistence with clinical flares

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13
Q

What are the two forms of chlamydia?

A

Elementary body

Reticulate body

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14
Q

What are elementary bodies of chlamydia?

A

Infectious form - has a resistant wall and is metabolically inactive, can be spread outside the body

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15
Q

What are reticulate bodies of chlamydia?

A

Reproductive form - intracellular, active

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16
Q

How is chlamydia identified?

A

Lesion smear

PCR

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17
Q

How is chlamydia treated?

A

Antibiotics - oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol, not penicillin
For 2-3 weeks

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18
Q

How is coxiella burnetii transmitted?

A

Ticks

Spores in aerosols/dried faeces/milk

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19
Q

What does C. burnetii cause in animals?

A

Abortion if gets to placenta

Mild gut/udder infection

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20
Q

What does C. burnetii infect?

A

Macrophages in oropharynx

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21
Q

What disease does C. burnetii cause in humans?

A

Q fever

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Q fever?

A

Pneumonia/flu-like illness

Recurrence of infection causes systemic organ damage

23
Q

What is the spirochaetes main feature?

A

Motile - spiral with a flagella

24
Q

What are the main spirochaetales?

A

Borrelia - lyme disease
Leptospira
Treponema - syphilis in rabbits
Brachyspira

25
Q

How are spirochaetes diagnosed?

A

Serology
Silver based stains
PCR

26
Q

What type of brachyspira is the only one that causes swine dysentry?

A

B. hyodysenteriae

27
Q

How is B. hyodysenteriae spread?

A

Faecal - oral

28
Q

What can be reservoirs of B. hyodysenteriae?

A

Wild rodents
Environment - 3 days
Clinical cases and carriers

29
Q

How can you prevent swine dysentery?

A

Eliminate carriers - test using PCR

30
Q

How is swine dysentery treated?

A

Antibiotics

Hyperimmune serum

31
Q

What category of conditions does borrelia need?

A

Microaerophilic

32
Q

What are the two types of borrelia disease?

A

Generalised - anaemia and fever

Deposition and inflammation

33
Q

What are the three stages of borreliosis/lyme disease?

A
  1. Skin rash - bullseye
  2. Systemic problems
  3. Chronic problems
34
Q

What can lyme disease cause in horses?

A

Laminitis

35
Q

What are some systemic features of lymes disease?

A

Fever
Fatigue
Stiff joints - arthritis
Nervous system disorders

36
Q

How is lyme disease controlled?

A

Aggressive antibiotic treatment
Tick control
Vaccine in dogs in USA

37
Q

How does leptospirosis enter the body?

A

Ingestion
Infected urine
Via mucous membranes or skin cuts

38
Q

What does leptospirosis cause?

A 
Fever
Diarrhoea
Haemolyric anaemia
Haemorrhage
Jaundice
Death
39
Q

What is a major vector of leptospirosis?

A

Rodents - urine

40
Q

What is bacillus?

A

Anthrax

41
Q

What category of conditions does bacillus need?

A

Aerobic/facultatively anaerobic

42
Q

What are the three species of bacillus?

A

B. licheniformis - abortion
B. cereus - mastitis
B. anthracis - anthrax

43
Q

How does bacillus anthracis spread?

A

Spores

44
Q

What increases the virulence of bacillus anthracis?

A

Protective antigen - anchor for the oedema factor and the lethal factor

45
Q

What is the oedema factor of bacillus anthracis?

A

An enxyme that causes oedema and prevents leucocyte activity

46
Q

What is the lethal factor for bacillus anthracis?

A

Toxin that increases vascular permeability and kills macrophages

47
Q

What are the main signs of cutaneous anthrax?

A

Painless lesion - from oedema

Very dark crust around lesion - from haemorrhage

48
Q

What causes septicaemic anthrax?

A

Inhaling or ingesting spores

49
Q

What does septicaemic anthrax cause?

A

Death - bacteria multiply in blood
Haemorrhaging
Pulmonary oedema
Use up oxygen

50
Q

What is the main sign of septicaemic anthrax?

A

Dark tar-like blood oozing from all body orifices

51
Q

How long does anthrax take to kill?

A

Ruminants - 1-2 hours

Humans/horses - 24hrs

52
Q

What should you do if you find anthrax?

A

Inform APHA
Take blood sample
Prepare and stain smear

53
Q

What will APHA do once notified?

A

Burn everything
Monitor area
Cull at risk animals

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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