Repro tract surgery Flashcards
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Glandular hyperplasia under the influence of testosterone and oestrogen
How can you treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Medical - antiandrogens
Castration
What can cause prostatic abcesses?
E coli
Staph
From prostatitis
How do you treat prostatic abcesses?
Antibiotics
Surgical drainage
Castration
How can you treat prostatic cysts?
Drain via ultrasound - refill
Resection/omentalisation
Castration
What is the most common prostatic neoplasia/
Adenocarcinoma
How should you treat prostatic neoplasia?
DO NOT CASTRATE - increases risk
NSAIIDS
Surgery - remove prostate
Urethral stent
What are common testicular neoplasias?
Sertoli cell tumours - produce oestrogens
Seminomas - seminiferous tubules
How can you treat testicular tumours?
Castration with scrotal ablation
Chemo for metastasis
What is hypospadias?
Abnormal termination of the urethra due to failure of fusion of hte urogenital folds
Congenital defect
How can you treat penile tumours?
Penile amputation
What are the most common tumours of the prepuce?
Mast cell tumours
How can you treat paraphimosis in a dog?
Reduce size of penis ACP sedative Lubricate penis Place urinary catheter Surgical - narrow/enlarge preputial orifice Prepucial lengthening
How can you treat priapism?
Treat underlying cause - pelvic nerve injury
How can you treat a urethral prolapse?
Treat underlying cause
Castrate
What signs do follicular ovarian cysts in dogs cause?
Pro-oestrus signs
What signs do luteal ovarian cysts in dogs cause?
Oestrus signs
What is the most common ovarian tumour in dogs?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common bacteria causing pyometra?
E coli
How do you treat pyometra?
Surgery - ovariohysterectomy
What are uterine/vaginal neoplasias called?
Leiomyoma
How do you treat a benign vaginal neoplasia?
Episiotomy - through perineum
Or ligation of pedicle
When does vaginal prolapse occur?
During oestrus or proestrus
How do you treat vaginal prolapse?
Keep clean and moist
Reincorporation
Ovariohysterectomy
How can you prevent mammary neoplasias?
Ovariohysterectomy only if before 1st heat cycle
How many pairs of mammary glands do dogs have?
5
How many pairs of mammary glands do cats have?
4
Where do mammary glands 1-3 drain to?
Axillary LN
Where do mammary glands 4-5 drain to?
Inguinal LN
What technique is best for mammary neoplasia removal in cats?
Radical bilateral mastectomies
What vessels do you have to be careful of in mastectomies?
Caudal and cranial superficial epigastric arteries
Why should you spay?
Population control
Elective
Therapeutic
Control hereditary diseases
When should you do a bitch spay?
Anoestrus - 3 months after end of season
What ligament should you break down during a spay?
Suspensory ligament
When do you do a cat spay?
4-6 months - before coming into first season
Where do you incise in dogs and cats?
Dogs - midline
Cats - flank
When do you do a c section?
Emergency - inertia, straining, stillborns, distress
What are some complications from spaying?
Haemorrhage Ovarian remnant syndrome Urinary tract injury Hernea Infection
Why should you castrate?
Population control
Behavioural modification
Prevent disease
Control hereditary diseases
What are some side effects of castration?
Weight gain
Behaviour changes eg. more nervous
When should you castrate dogs?
6-9 months
When should you castrate cats?
4-6 months - like spay
What are some complications of dog castration?
Scrotal bruising/swelling
Haemorrhage
Infection
Self trauma
What are different types of restraint for large animal surgery?
Halter
Cattle crush
Tail restraint
What are the 3 local anaesthetic techniques?
Infiltration
Paravertebral
Epidural
What site should you do a c section in cows?
Left sided paralumbar fossa laparotomy
What is good about paravertebral block?
Anaesthetises whole flank
Allows extension of incision if required
What are the 3 layers of abdominal closure in large animal c section?
Peritoneum and transverse abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
External abdominal oblique
Skin
What suture should you use in the skin in large animal c section
Ford interlocking suture pattern
What are some post LA c section complications?
Retained foetal membranes
Infections
Reduced fertility
Who can carry out dehorning?
Only a vet over 2 months of age
Only a vet in a sheep or goat
What nerve do you block in dehorning?
Cornual nerve
What are some complications of dehorning?
Inadequate anaesthesia Haemorrhage Infection - sinusitis Fly strike Regrowth
What are 2 bloodless castration techniques?
Elastrator rings
Burdizzo
What are 2 surgical castration techniques?
Traction and torsion
Emasculators
When can elastrator rings be used?
<7 days
What are burdizzo complications?
Crush urethra
Incomplete castration
How and where do you use the burdizzo?
10 seconds crush
Distal each time
4 times
When should surgical castration be used?
Only in healthy animals
What are complications of surgical castration in cows?
Haemorrhage
Infection
Fly strike
Tetanus
