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CVSOH BVSc3 > JR Clinical haematology > Flashcards

JR Clinical haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main stimulus for red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoeitin

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2
Q

What is erythropoeisis?

A

Production of RBCs

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3
Q

What is an immature RBC/RBC precursor called?

A

Reticulocyte

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4
Q

What type do you collect samples for haematology in?

A

EDTA

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5
Q

Where are platelets most likely to be found in a blood smear?

A

Feathered edge

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6
Q

Where are leukocytes more likely to be found in a blood smear?

A

On the lateral edges

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7
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variation in cell size

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8
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

Variation in cell colour

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9
Q

What colour are immature RBCs?

A

More purple/blue

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10
Q

What size are immature RBCs?

A

Larger

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11
Q

What can cause macrocytosis in RBCs?

A

Regeneration

FeLV if not changed colour

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12
Q

What can cause microcytosis/hypochromasia in RBCs?

A

Iron deficiency

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13
Q

When are RBCs nucleated?

A

Very immature erythroblasts - regeneration

Or birds and reptiles

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14
Q

What are schistocytes?

A

RBC fragments - from shear injury

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15
Q

What can cause schistocytes?

A

Splenic tumour

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16
Q

What does poikilocytosis mean?

A

Abnormal RBC shape

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17
Q

What are acanthocytes?

A

RBCs with large blunt ended projections

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18
Q

What are keratocytes?

A

RBCs with cup shape missing

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19
Q

What are blister cells?

A

RBCs with a blister on the surface

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20
Q

What are echinocytes?

A

Crenated RBCs, thin projections

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21
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

RBCs with no central pallor - no lighter centre where the concave shape is

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22
Q

What are produced in oxidative injury of RBCs?

A

Heinz bodies

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23
Q

What are codocytes?

A

RBCs that look like targets

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24
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

Blobs in RBCs that are got from diseases

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25
Q

What does anaemia mean?

A

Reduction in RBC mass

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26
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

Increased concentration of erythrocytes/RBCs

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27
Q

What is relative erythrocytosis?

A

Erythrocytosis due to reduced blood volume

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28
Q

What is absolute erythrocytosis?

A

Erythrocytosis due to a genuine increase in RBC mass

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29
Q

How does the body identify anaemia?

A

In the kidney

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30
Q

What is the normal PCV of a dog?

A

35-55%

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31
Q

What is a regenerative anaemia?

A

Body is still making more RBCs to correct the anaemia

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32
Q

What are the two main causes of regenerative anaemias?

A

Haemolysis

Haemorrhage

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33
Q

What is non-regenerative anaemia?

A

Body isnt producing any RBCs

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34
Q

What are the two main causes of non-regenerative anaemia?

A

Primary bone marrow disease

Extra-bone marrow disease

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35
Q

What are the two type of reticulocyte?

A

Punctate reticulocytes

Aggregate reticulocytes

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36
Q

What are the less mature type of reticulocyte?

A

Aggregate reticulocytes

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37
Q

What do aggregate reticulocytes look like?

A

Have large amounts of RNA in them - can be stained

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38
Q

What do punctate reticulocytes look like?

A

Small dots of RNA in them

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39
Q

What are punctate reticulocytes found in?

A

Only in cats

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40
Q

What are morphological features of regeneration?

A

Polychromasia
Anisocytosis
Nucleated RBCs

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41
Q

What does MCV mean in a blood test?

A

Size of blood cells - mean cell volume

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42
Q

What does MCH/C mean in a blood test?

A

Mean cell haemoglobin/concentration

Mean volume of haemoglobin

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43
Q

What are the different levels of MCV?

A

Normocytic - normal

Macro/microcytic - bigger or smaller

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44
Q

What are the different levels of MCH/C?

A

Hypochromic - indicates less haemoglobin

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45
Q

Where does normal extracellular haemolysis occur?

A

Mainly in the spleen

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46
Q

What causes normal extracellular haemolysis?

A

Phagocytosis of RBCs

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47
Q

What causes normal intracellular haemolysis?

A

RBC lysis due to membrane damage

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48
Q

What are some differentials for haemolysis?

A

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
Parasites
Oxidative damage
Neonatal isoerythrolysis

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49
Q

What parasite is most common in cats for causing haemolysis?

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis

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50
Q

What causes primary immune mediated haemolytic anaemia?

A

Autoimmune disease

51
Q

What causes secondary immune mediated haemolytic anaemia?

A

Neoplastic or inflammatory disease

Drugs

52
Q

What is molecular mimicry?

A

Pathogenic protein looks similar to a protein on host RBC

53
Q

What is a hapten?

A

A drug binds to surface of a RBC, immune system attacks hapten and local damage as well

54
Q

What is a coombs test?

A

Evaluates for the presence of antibody or complement on the RBC surface

55
Q

When do cats get neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

When type A/AB kitted ingest colostrum from a type B (strong anti-A alloantibodies) queen

56
Q

What are the two main causes of haemorrhage?

A

Coagulopathy - bleeding disorder

Primary pathology

57
Q

What is the most common non traumatic primary pathology for haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured splenic malignancy

58
Q

What are signs of haemorrhage in GI tract?

A

Haematemesis

Haematochezia

59
Q

What is haematemesis?

A

Blood in vomit

60
Q

What is haematochezia?

A

Fresh blood in faeces

61
Q

What is the most common cause of primary coagulopathy?

A

Thrombocytopaenia - low platelet count

62
Q

What is the most common causes of respiratory tract haemorrhage?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum

Rodenticide intoxication

63
Q

What does a blood smear exam look like for non-regenerative anaemias?

A

Normocytic, normochromic

64
Q

What is an extra bone marrow disease that causes non regenerative anaemia?

A

Chronic disease (eg. inflammatory) which impedes normal bone marrow function

65
Q

What are some causes of primary bone marrow disease?

A

Leukaemia - infiltrates bone marrow

Non-regen IMHA - immune system attacks bone marrow

66
Q

What can be a normal cause of absolute erythrocytosis?

A

Certain breeds
Splenic contraction
Hyperthyroidism

67
Q

How does erythrocytosis present?

A

Increase in blood viscosity

68
Q

What can cause absolute erythrocytosis?

A

Altitude
Pulmonary disease
Right-left cardiac shunt - blood not going to lungs
Neoplastic proliferation of RBCs in the bone marrow

69
Q

What is another word of absolute erythrocytosis?

A

Polycythaemia

70
Q

How do you find the total WBC count from a blood smear?

A

Count all WBCs in 10 fields

Calculate mean then x1.5

71
Q

What is the circulating and marginating pool of neutrophils?

A

Circulating - in centre of vessels

Marginating - roll along edge

72
Q

What are immature neutrophils called?

A

Band cells - not segmented nuclei yet

73
Q

What is left shift?

A

Neutrophils get more immature

74
Q

What are the two types of left shift?

A

Regenerative

Non-regenerative

75
Q

What is regenerative left shift?

A

Left shift with neutrophilia - high neutrophils

76
Q

What is non-regenerative left shift?

A

Left shift with normal or reduced neutrophil count - demand too high for body to keep up

77
Q

What is toxic change to neutrophils?

A

Where the neutrophils start to look different

78
Q

What cause toxic change to neutrophils?

A

Overwhelming demand for neutrophils

79
Q

What can cause mild neutrophilia?

A

Stress

Steroids

80
Q

What can cause severe neutrophilia?

A

Inflammation
Pyrexia
etc.

81
Q

What is the word for reduced neutrophils?

A

Neutropenia

82
Q

What can cause neutropenia?

A 
Sampling error - marginating
Overwhelming demand
Reduced production - drugs, infections etc.
Breed 
Immune mediated destruction
83
Q

What is a precursor of a macrophage?

A

Monocyte

84
Q

What is the role of monocytes in immune response?

A

Antigen presentation
Cytokine production
Phagocytosis

85
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Parasite defence

Allergic responses

86
Q

When is eosinophilia commonly seen?

A

As part of a stress leukogram

87
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Peripheral lymphoid tissues

88
Q

What can cause lymphocytosis?

A

Age - young
Adrenaline
Mobilisation, increased demand
Leukaemia

89
Q

What can cause lymphopenia?

A

Decreased production - immunodeficiency

Redistribution - stress

90
Q

What does a stress leukogram look like?

A 
Increase WBC count
Increased neutrophils
Decreased lymphocytes
increased monocytes
decreased eosinophils
91
Q

What is the dominant WBC type in cats/dogs/horses?

A

Neutrophils

92
Q

What is the dominant WBC type in cattle?

A

Lymphocytes

93
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The process of preventing/stopping haemorrhage

94
Q

What is primary haemostasis?

A

Forming the platelet plug

95
Q

What is exposed to form the platelet plug?

A

Von Willebrand factor

96
Q

What clotting factors are involved in the intrinsic pathway?

A

Factor 8, 9, 11, 12

97
Q

What clotting factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway?

A

Tissue factor-VII complex

98
Q

What clotting factors are involved in the common clotting pathway?

A

2 (thrombin), 10, fibrinogen and fibrin

99
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the clotting cascade?

A

Intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathways

100
Q

What is tertiary haemostasis?

A

Fibrinolysis

101
Q

What do primary haemostatic disorders present as?

A

Petechial haemorrhages

Mucosal bleeds

102
Q

What are the 3 causes of primary haemostatic disorders?

A

Platelet disorders - thrombocytopenia
Von Willebrand disease
Vasculopathies - disease of blood vessels

103
Q

What are the two different types of thrombocytopenia?

A

Immune mediated

Consumptive level

104
Q

What does immune mediated thrombocytopenia present as?

A

Usually absolute - no platelets as immune system is very thorough

105
Q

What is consumptive level thrombocytopenia?

A

Platelets used up in lots of clots due to chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation

106
Q

What does consumptive level thrombocytopenia present as?

A

Above 30x10^9 platelets - some platelets still left

107
Q

Which breed of dog has altered platelets? What are they called?

A

King Charles Cavaliers - macroplatelets

108
Q

How many platelets cause spontaneous haemorrhage?

A

<30x10^9/L

109
Q

How many platelets cause induced haemorrhage?

A

<50x10^9/L

110
Q

What are some causes of secondary immune mediated thrombocytopenia?

A

Infection eg. lepto, ehrlichia
Inflammatory/neoplastic systemic disease
Drug/toxin exposure

111
Q

What is the most common cause of consumptive level thrombocytopenia?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum

112
Q

What can be a cause of primary coagulopathy without any thrombocytopenia?

A

von Willebrand disease

ThrombocytoPATHia

113
Q

What do secondary haemostatic disorders usually present as?

A

Major cavity bleeds

114
Q

What causes secondary haemostatic disorders?

A

Clotting factor deficiency

115
Q

What can cause clotting factor deficiencies?

A

Rodenticide intoxication
Angiostrongylus vasorum
Liver disease
Congenital - haemophilia

116
Q

What test do you do to evaluate the extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade?

A

PT - prothrombin time

117
Q

What test do you do to evaluate the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade?

A

APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time

118
Q

What does a prolonged PT suggest?

A

Extrinsic pathway problem, factor VII deficiency

Or early combined deficiency

119
Q

What is the main cause for extrinsic pathway problems?

A

Rodenticide intoxication

120
Q

What does rodenticide intoxication cause?

A

Vitamin K inactivation/deficiency so cant make factors 2,7,9 or 10

121
Q

What does a prolonged aPTT suggest?

A

Intrinsic pathway problem - factors 8,9,11,12 deficiency

122
Q

What can cause intrinsic pathway problems?

A

Haemophilia
Liver failure
Angiostrongylus vasorum
DIC

123
Q

What is DIC?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation - loss of clotting equilibrium, so consumes clotting factors in lots of little clots

124
Q

What can cause both a prolonged PT and aPTT?

A 
Vitamin K inactivation - rodenticide intoxication
Severe cholestasis
Liver failure
Angiostrongylus vasorum
DIC

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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