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CVSOH BVSc3 > Respiratory system pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory system pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause airway inflammation?

A

Infectious agents
Allergic disease
Neoplasia
Physical injury - foreign body

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2
Q

What occurs during acute inflammation?

A 
Detachment of cells
Increased secretions 
Oedema
Vasodilation
Leukocyte emigration
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3
Q

What are the different types of resp airway discharges/exudates?

A

Serous
Catarrhal
Purulent
Fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic

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4
Q

What causes catarrhal airway discharge?

A

Increase in mucous production from goblet cells

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5
Q

What causes purulent airway discharge?

A

Bacterial infection - contains leukocytes

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6
Q

What causes fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic airway discharge?

A

Severe inflammation/mucosal injury with fibrin exudate

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7
Q

What occurs during chronic inflammation of the airways?

A

Increased mucus production due to hypertrophy/hyperplasia of seromucus glands and goblet cells
Mucosal thickening
Increased resistance
Loss of mucociliary apparatus

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8
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

Bronchus full of exudate causes obstruction

The enzymes within exudate destroy the bronchial wall

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9
Q

What may form as a result of chronic airway inflammation?

A

Fibrous inflammatory polyps

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10
Q

What are the 4 different types of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
Granulomatous pneumonia
Embolic pneumonia

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11
Q

What type of pneumonia is the most common?

A

Bronchopneumonia

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12
Q

What can cause bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Aspiration

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13
Q

What is the distribution of bronchopneumonia?

A

Cranioventral distribution

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14
Q

What occurs during acute bronchopneumonia?

A

Infection causes inflammation

Suppurative/fibrinous exudate accumulates within alveolar spaces/bronchioles/lobules

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15
Q

What can chronic bronchopneumonia result in?

A

Fibrosis
Airway obstruction
Bronchiectasis
Abscess formation

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16
Q

What is interstitial pneumonia?

A

Injury to lung parenchyma – alveolar wall

Hyperaemia and exudate in alveoli

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17
Q

What makes up the alveolar wall/lung parenchyma?

A

Basal lamina
Endothelial cells
Type 1 pneumocytes

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18
Q

What is the distribution of interstitial pneumonia in the lungs?

A

Diffuse/generalised

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19
Q

What can cause interstitial pneumonia?

A 
Inhalation/haematogenous spread of
Viruses
Parasites
Toxins - fog fever
Allergens - fungal spores
Septicaemia
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20
Q

What histological change occurs during interstitial pneumonia?

A

increased Type 2 pneumocytes at the margins of the alveoli – to repair damaged Type 1 pneumocytes

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21
Q

What does chronic interstitial pneumonia cause?

A

Thickened alveolar walls - fibrosis

Persistent type 2 pneumocytes

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22
Q

What causes embolic pneumonia?

A

Bacteria from septic emboli

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23
Q

What is the route of entry for embolic pneumonia?

A

Haematogenous

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24
Q

What is the distribution of embolic pneumonia?

A

Random foci

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25
Q

What are some sources of septic emboli?

A

Liver abcesses
Bacterial endocarditis
Mastitis
Endometritis

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26
Q

What causes granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Agents that are resistant to phagocytosis/inflammatory response so are persistent in tissues

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27
Q

What are some examples of agents that cause granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Mycobacteria (TB)
Actinomyces
Lungworms
Feline infectious peritonitis

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28
Q

What is the distribution of granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Variable
Focal/multifocal
Nodular

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29
Q

What are the general characteristics of malignant sinonasal tumours?

A

Slow growing
Space occupying
Invasive and destructive
With mucopurulent discharges

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30
Q

What non neoplastic nasal mass is found in horses?

A

Progressive ethmoid haematoma

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31
Q

What lung tumour can be caused by a virus in sheep?

A

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

Jaagsiekte

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32
Q

What can cause pulmonary oedema?

A

LsCHF - increased hydrostatic pressure
Inflammation
Reduced lymphatic drainage

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33
Q

What can cause pulmonary haemorrhage?

A 
Inflammation
Neoplasm
Progressive ethmoid haematoma
Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses
Trauma
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34
Q

Where are paranasal sinus cysts located in horses?

A

Cyst at maxillary sinus/ ventral turbinates

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35
Q

What part of the trachea is extrathoracic?

A

Cervical trachea

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36
Q

What part of the trachea is intrathoracic?

A

Thoracic trachea

37
Q

In dogs with tracheal collapse, what does inspiration cause?

A

Collapse of cervical trachea

38
Q

In dogs with tracheal collapse, does expiration cause?

A

Collapse of the thoracic trachea

39
Q

What are the primary features of BOAS?

A 
Stenotic nares
Elongated soft palate
Large tongue
Turbinate protrusion
Hyperplastic trachea
40
Q

What side does laryngeal paralysis occur on in horses?

A

Left side

41
Q

What causes laryngeal paralysis?

A

Degeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve

atrophy of cricoarytenoid muscles

42
Q

What causes Sino-nasal Aspergillosis?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

43
Q

What does Sino-nasal Aspergillosis cause?

A

Aflatoxin production
Inflammatory response
Turbinate and bone destruction

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sino-nasal Aspergillosis?

A

Mucopurulent discharge, epistaxis, nasal depigmentation

45
Q

How can you treat Sino-nasal Aspergillosis?

A

Mechanical debridement +/- trephination

Topical antifungal – clotrimazole

46
Q

Are nasal tumour benign or malignant

A

Malignant - 80-90%

Locally invasive - cribiform plate

47
Q

What is the most common nasal tumour in dogs?

A

Adenocarcinoma

48
Q

What is the most common nasal tumour in cats?

A

Lymphoma

49
Q

How can you treat nasal tumours?

A

Radio/chemotherapy +/- NSAIDs

50
Q

What is the cause of chronic rhinosinusitis in cats?

A

Bacterial/Viral/ idiopathic

51
Q

How can you treat chronic rhinosinusitis in cats?

A

Bacteria – Doxycycline

Viruses – Famciclovir, Bromhexine, NSAIDs

52
Q

What is chronic rhinitis in dogs?

A

Allergen/ irritant/ immune mediated gradual progressive nasal disease

53
Q

How can you treat chronic rhinitis in dogs?

A

Reduce exposure
Steam/nebulize
Antihistamines
Doxycycline (bacteria)

54
Q

What is a cough?

A

Sudden expiratory effort against closed glottis (protective reflex)

55
Q

What is coughing controlled by?

A

Cough centre (Medulla Oblongata)

56
Q

What are the 4 regions of the respiratory system that are affected during dyspnoea?

A

Upper resp tract
Lower resp tract
Pulmonary parenchyma
Pleural space

57
Q

Where do obstructive disorders affect in the resp tract?

A

Upper/lower resp tract

58
Q

Where do restrictive disorders affect in the resp tract?

A

Pulmonary parenchyma

Pleural space

59
Q

What are haematological causes of tachypnoea?

A

Reduced O2 carrying capacity (anaemia, MetHb)

60
Q

What are metabolic causes of tachypnoea?

A

Compensatory mechanism to acidosis, muscular weakness

61
Q

What causes inspiratory dyspnoea?

A

Dynamic upper airway obstruction

62
Q

What causes expiratory dyspnoea?

A

Dynamic lower airway obstruction

63
Q

What sounds are made during dynamic upper airway obstruction/inspiratory dyspnoea?

A

Stridor (roar) and stertor (snoring)

64
Q

What sounds are made during dynamic lower airway obstruction/espiratory dyspnoea?

A

Wheezes

65
Q

Where does stertor originate from?

A

Nasopharyngeal

Nasal

66
Q

Where does stridor originate from?

A

Larynzz

67
Q

What do crackles and/or wheezes indicate?

A

Adventitious Lung sounds - pulmonary parenchyma

68
Q

What does shallow breathing and reduced/muffled lung sounds indicate?

A

Pleural space disease

69
Q

What type of dyspnoea does BOAS cause?

A

Inspiratory obstructive dyspnoea

70
Q

What type of dyspnoea does pneumonia cause?

A

Restrictive mixed pattern dyspnoea

71
Q

What is canine chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic bronchial inflammation with over secretion of mucous

72
Q

How do you diagnose canine chronic bronchitis?

A

X ray - doughnuts and tramlines

Bronchoscopy, Bronchioalveolar Lavage

73
Q

What does canine chronic bronchitis cause in the lungs?

A

Obstructive dyspnoea - mucous
Emphysema - air trapped in alveoli
Altered mucociliary escalator
Inflammation

74
Q

How do you treat canine chronic bronchitis?

A

Weight management
Avoid allergens/irritants Bronchodilators - theophylline, salbutamol inhalant
Inhaled corticosteroids - fluticasone

75
Q

What diseases are in feline lower airway disease?

A

Feline asthma and feline chronic bronchitis

76
Q

What does feline lower airway disease cause?

A

Chronic bronchial inflammation
Mucous hypersecretion
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION of smooth muscle (dogs cant do this)

77
Q

What is the cause of feline lower airway disease?

A

Type I hypersensitivity - IgE mediated

Histamine and serotonin production by mast cells

78
Q

How is feline lower airway disease diagnosed?

A

Imaging, bronchoscopy, BAL

79
Q

How is feline lower airway disease treated?

A

Bronchodilators - terbutaline

Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone

80
Q

What is the Angiostrongylus Vasorum migration?

A

Migration from intestine to heart to alveoli

81
Q

What symptoms does Angiostrongylus Vasorum cause?

A

Chronic cough, cor pulmonae, syncope, pulmonary hypertension

82
Q

What is the distribution of Angiostrongylus Vasorum in the lungs?

A

Peripheral

83
Q

How do you treat Angiostrongylus Vasorum?

A

Moxidectin

Fenbendazole

84
Q

How do you diagnose bacterial pneumonia?

A

Haematology (neutrophilia)
C-reactive protein - inflammation marker
Bronchoscopy, BAL

85
Q

What is important when treating bacterial pneumonia?

A

Wait for culture result - high resistance risk

86
Q

How do you treat aspiration pneumonia?

A

IV amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

87
Q

How do you treat septic pneumonia?

A

fluoroquinolones + ampicillin/clindamycin

88
Q

What is Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy?

A

Eosinophilic inflammation of lungs and bronchi

89
Q

How does Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis present?

A

Interstitial fibrosis - honeycomb appearance

Not at all bronchial pattern

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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