VFI-L9-The natural world

Question 1

Animals :
fauna ((pl) faunae )
coat
claw ((v,n)سرپنجه جانوران، ناخن، چنگال، پنجه ای شکل، چنگ زدن)
beak (منقار)
fur (خز)
feathers (پر)
hide
horn (شاخ)
paw (دست، پنجه زدن)
predator (شکارچی)/ Prey: animals that are killed and eaten by other animals
scales (پولک ماهی)
trunk

Answer 1

plants
flora
branch (شاخه؛ شعبه)
petal (گلبرگ)
root
thorn (خار)
twig (شاخه کوچک، ترکه )
trunk
vegetarian

Question 2

• at risk= vulnerable
  *negative effects= repercussion
  *to stop being affected by something= become resistant (مقاوم,پایدار)
  *at risk of dying out= endangered
  *no longer existing = extinct
  *crops whose genes have been scientifically (بطور علمی) changed= genetically modified (اصلاح شده)
• extremely bad or unsuccessful = disastrous
• the relationship between plants, animals, land, air and water= ecological balance (بوم شناختی، اکولوژیکی)

Question 3

• agriculture [کشاورزی] (n) / agricultural (adj) / agriculturally (adv) / -
• ecology (n)[بوم شناسی، اکولوژی] / ecological (adj) / ecologically (adv) / -
  *evolution (n) [تکامل]/ evolutionary (adj) / - / evolve (v)
  *extinction (n) [انقراض]/ extinct (adj) / - / become extinct (v)
• nature (n) / natural (adj) / naturally (adv) / -
  *genetics, genes (n) / genetic (adj) / genetically (adv) / -

Question 4

disaster (noun)
/dɪˈzæstər/
—
disastrous (adjective)
/dɪˈzæstrəs/
—
disastrously (adverb)

Answer 4

1- [countable] an unexpected event, such as a very bad accident, a flood, or a fire, that kills a lot of people or causes a lot of damage
= catastrophe
*an air disaster

2- [countable, uncountable] a very bad situation that causes problems
*Losing your job doesn’t have to be such a disaster.

3- [countable, uncountable] (informal) a complete failure
*As a teacher, he’s a disaster.
—
-very bad, harmful, or unsuccessful
= devastating
*a disastrous harvest/fire/result
*Lowering interest rates could have disastrous consequences for the economy.
—
*How could everything go so disastrously wrong?

Question 5

vulnerable (adjective)
/ˈvʌlnərəbl/
vulnerable (to somebody/something)
—
vulnerability ( noun [uncountable])
/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪlət̮i/
—
vulnerably (adverb)
/ˈvʌlnərəbli/

Answer 5

-weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally
*to be vulnerable to attack
*Old people are particularly vulnerable to the flu.
(در معرض آسیب، در معرض)
—
*vulnerability (of somebody/something) (to something) financial vulnerability
*the vulnerability of newborn babies to disease
—
*His condition left him vulnerably exposed to the slightest cold or cough.

Question 6

rather (adverb)
/ˈræðər/
—

Answer 6

[Idioms]
rather than
-instead of someone or something
*I think I’ll have a cold drink rather than coffee.
*Why didn’t you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own?

would rather… (than)
-(usually reduced to ‘d rather) would prefer to
*She’d rather die than give a speech.
*“Do you want to come with us?” “No, I’d rather not.”

Question 7

constantly (adverb)
/ˈkɑnstəntli/

Answer 7

• all the time; repeatedly
  *Fashion is constantly changing.
  *Heat the sauce, stirring constantly.
  *We are constantly on the lookout for new ideas.
  (پیوسته، مداوم,دائما، از روی ثبات، بدون تغییر)

Question 8

destructive (adjective)
/dɪˈstrʌktɪv/
—
destructively (adverb)
—
destructiveness ( noun [uncountable])

Answer 8

• causing destruction or damage
  *the destructive power of modern weapons
  *the destructive effects of anxiety
  (مخرب، ویرانگر)

Question 9

habitat (noun)
/ˈhæbəˌtæt/
[countable, uncountable]

Answer 9

• the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found
  *The panda’s natural habitat is the bamboo forest.
  *The marshes provide a rich habitat for water plants.
  *the destruction of wildlife habitat.
  (زیستگاه,محل سکونت، مسکن طبیعی، بوم)

Question 10

deny (verb)
/dɪˈnaɪ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they deny
he / she / it denies
past simple denied
-ing form denying

Answer 10

1- to say that something is not true
*deny something to deny a claim/a charge/an accusation

2- deny something to refuse to admit or accept something
*She denied all knowledge of the incident.

3- (formal) to refuse to allow someone to have something that they want or ask for
*deny somebody something They were denied access to the information.

4- deny yourself (something) (formal) to refuse to let yourself have something that you would like to have, especially for moral or religious reasons.
(انکار کردن، تکذیب کردن، رد کردن,حاشا کردن، تکذیب کردن)

Question 11

arid (adjective)
/ˈærɪd/
—
aridity (noun [uncountable])
/əˈrɪdət̮i/
—
semi-arid (adjective)

Answer 11

1- (of land or a climate) having little or no rain; very dry
*arid and semi-arid deserts

2- (formal) with nothing new or interesting in it
*an arid discussion
(کم اب، خشک)
—
-(of land or climate) dry; with little rain

Question 12

humid (adjective)
/ˈhyuməd/

Answer 12

-(of the air or climate) warm and damp
*These ferns will grow best in a humid atmosphere.
*The island is hot and humid in the summer.
(بخار دار، مرطوب)

Question 13

vegetation (noun)
/ˌvɛdʒəˈteɪʃn/
[uncountable]

Answer 13

• plants in general, especially the plants that are found in a particular area or environment
  *The hills are covered in lush green vegetation.
  *Desert areas have little vegetation.
  *thick vegetation
  (پوشش گیاهی)

Question 14

burrow (verb)
/ˈbəroʊ/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they burrow
he / she / it burrows
past simple burrowed
-ing form burrowing

Answer 14

1- [intransitive, transitive] to make a hole or a tunnel in the ground by digging
= dig
*(+ adv./prep.) Earthworms burrow deep into the soil.

2- [intransitive, transitive] to press yourself close to someone or under something
*+ adv./prep. He burrowed down beneath the blankets.

3- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to search for something under or among things
*She burrowed in the drawer for a pair of socks.
(سوراخ زیرزمینی، پناهگاه)

Question 15

den (noun)
/dɛn/

Answer 15

1-a room in a house where people go to relax, watch television, etc.

2-the hidden home of some types of wild animals
*a bear’s/lion’s den

3-(disapproving) a place where people meet in secret, especially for some illegal or immoral activity
*a den of thieves
(غار، کنام، کمینگاه، دزدگاه، خلوتگاه، لانه)

Question 16

• snail (حلزون)
  *larva (کرم حشره)
  *rodent (جانور جونده (مثل موش))
• pest (آفت)
  *toad (غوک، وزغ)
  *beetle (سوسک)
  *reptile (خزنده)
• mammal (پستاندار)

Answer 16

• shrub (درختچه، بوته دار کردن)
  *weed (علف هرز)
  *bush (بوته)
  *cane (نی، نیشکر، چوب دستی)
  *

Question 17

occasionally (adverb)
/əˈkeɪʒənəli/

Answer 17

• sometimes, but not often
  *We occasionally meet for a drink after work.
  *This type of allergy can very occasionally be fatal.
  (گهگاه، بعضی اوقات، گاه و بیگاه)

Question 18

cultivate (verb)
/ˈkʌltəˌveɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they cultivate
he / she / it cultivates
past simple cultivated
-ing form cultivating

Answer 18

1- cultivate something to prepare and use land for growing plants or crops
= grow
*The land around here has never been cultivated.

2- cultivate something to grow plants or crops
*The people cultivate mainly rice and beans.

3- cultivate somebody/something (sometimes disapproving) to try to get someone’s friendship or support
*He purposely tried to cultivate good relations with the press.

4- cultivate something to develop an attitude, a way of talking or behaving, etc.
*She cultivated an air of sophistication.
(زراعت کردن,کشت کردن، ترویج کردن)

Question 19

soil (noun)
/sɔɪl/
[uncountable, countable]

Answer 19

1- the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow
*poor/dry/acid/sandy/fertile, etc. soil

2- (literary) a country; an area of land
*It was the first time I had set foot on African soil.
(خاک,آلودن، کثیف کردن، لکه دار کردن، چرک شدن، کشور، سرزمین، مملکت)

Question 20

endemic (adjective)
/ɛnˈdɛmɪk/

Answer 20

-regularly found in a particular place or among a particular group of people and difficult to get rid of
*endemic (in…) Malaria is endemic in many hot countries.
*Corruption is endemic in the system.
*endemic (among…) an attitude endemic among senior members of the profession
*endemic (to…) species endemic to (= only found in) Madagascar
the endemic problem of racism
(بومی)

Question 21

pesticide (noun)
/ˈpɛstəˌsaɪd/
[countable, uncountable]

Answer 21

-a chemical used for killing pests, especially insects
*vegetables grown without the use of pesticides
*crops sprayed with pesticide
(افت کش)

Question 22

predator (noun)
/ˈprɛdət̮ər/
—
prey (noun)
/preɪ/
[uncountable, singular]

Answer 22

1- an animal that kills and eats other animals
*the relationship between predator and prey

2- (disapproving) a person or an organization that uses weaker people for their own advantage
*to protect domestic industry from foreign predators
(شکارچی)
—
1- an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed, and eaten by another
*The lion will often stalk its prey for hours.

2-a person who is harmed or tricked by someone, especially for dishonest purposes
*Elderly people are easy prey for dishonest salesmen.
(شکار,قربانی)

Question 23

prickly (adjective)
/ˈprɪkli/
(pricklier, prickliest)

Answer 23

1- covered with prickles
*a prickly bush

2- causing you to feel as if your skin is touching something that is covered with prickles
*a prickly feeling

3- (informal) (of a person) easily annoyed or offended
= touchy
*He can be very prickly.

4- (of a decision, an issue, etc.) difficult to deal with because people have very different ideas about it
= thorny
*Let’s move on to the prickly subject of tax reform.
(تیغ دار، زبر، خراش دهنده)

Question 24

crop = fruit & vegetable

Question 25

divider (noun)
/dəˈvaɪdər/

Answer 25

1- [countable] a thing that divides something
*a room divider (= a screen or door that divides a room into two parts)

2- dividers [plural] an instrument made of two long, thin, metal parts joined together at the top, used for measuring lines and angles
*a pair of dividers
(تقسیم کننده)

Question 26

paddock (noun)
/ˈpædək/

Answer 26

1- a small field in which horses are kept

2- (in horse racing or auto racing) an area where horses or cars are taken before a race and shown to the public

Question 27

unusable (adjective)
/ʌnˈyuzəbl/

Answer 27

-in such a bad condition or of such low quality that it cannot be used
&Opposite usable

Question 28

virtual (adjective)
/ˈvərtʃuəl/
[only before noun]
—
virtually (adverb)
/ˈvərtʃuəli/

Answer 28

1-almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any slight difference is not important
*The country was sliding into a state of virtual civil war.

2- made to appear to exist by the use of computer software, for example on the Internet
*New technology has enabled development of an online “virtual library.”
(تقریبی)
—
1-almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important
*to be virtually impossible

2- (computing) by the use of computer software that makes something appear to exist; using virtual reality technology
(تقریبا)

Question 29

eradicate (verb)
/ɪˈrædəˌkeɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they eradicate
he / she / it eradicates
past simple eradicated
-ing form eradicating

Answer 29

-to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad
= wipe somebody/something—out
*eradicate something // Diphtheria has been virtually eradicated in the United States.
*eradicate something from something //We are determined to eradicate racism from our sport.
(ریشه کن کردن,قلع و قمع کردن، از ریشه کندن)

Question 30

eliminate (verb)
/ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they eliminate
he / she / it eliminates
past simple eliminated
-ing form eliminating
—
elimination ( noun [uncountable, countable])
/ɪˌlɪməˈneɪʃn/

Answer 30

1- to remove or get rid of something or someone
*eliminate something/somebody Credit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash.

2- eliminate somebody (from something) [usually passive] to defeat a person or a team so that they no longer take part in a competition, etc.
= knock somebody—out (of something)
*Her team was eliminated in the early stages of the competition.

3- eliminate somebody (formal) to kill someone, especially an enemy or opponent
*Most of the regime’s left-wing opponents were eliminated.
(از بین بردن، ریشه کن کردن)
—-
*the elimination of disease/poverty/crime

Question 31

catastrophe (noun)
/kəˈtæstrəfi/
—
catastrophic (adjective)
/ˌkæt̮əˈstrɑfɪk/
—
catastrophically (adverb)
/ˌkæt̮əˈstrɑfɪkli/

Answer 31

1- a sudden event that causes many people to suffer
= disaster
*Early warnings of rising water levels prevented another major catastrophe.

2- an event that causes one person or a group of people personal suffering, or that makes difficulties
*The attempt to expand the business was a catastrophe for the company.
(عاقبت داستان، مصیبت، بلای ناگهانی، فاجعه)
&Opposite very successful
—
= disastrous
*catastrophic effects/losses/results
—
*to fail catastrophically

Question 32

native &Opposite introduced